The changing dynamics of Supply Chain Inventory Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1852 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Supply chain management (SCM) is the management of a network of interconnected businesses involved in the ultimate provision of product and service packages required by end customers (Harland, 1996). Supply Chain Management spans all movement and storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point of origin to point of consumption (supply chain). Another definition is provided by the APICS Dictionary when it defines SCM as the design, planning, execution, control, and monitoring of supply chain activities with the objective of creating net value, building a competitive infrastructure, leveraging worldwide logistics, synchronizing supply with demand, and measuring performance globally. Supply chain management must address the following problems: Distribution Network Configuration: number, location and network missions of suppliers, production facilities, distribution centers, warehouses, cross-docks and customers. Distribu tion Strategy: questions of operating control (centralized, decentralized or shared); delivery scheme, e.g., direct shipment, pool point shipping, cross docking, DSD (direct store delivery), closed loop shipping; mode of transportation, e.g., motor carrier, including truckload, LTL, parcel; railroad; intermodal transport, including TOFC (trailer on flatcar) and COFC (container on flatcar); ocean freight; airfreight; replenishment strategy (e.g., pull, push or hybrid); and transportation control (e.g., owner-operated, private carrier, common carrier, contract carrier, or 3PL). Trade-Offs in Logistical Activities: The above activities must be well coordinated in order to achieve the lowest total logistics cost. Trade-offs may increase the total cost if only one of the activities is optimized. For example, full truckload (FTL) rates are more economical on a cost per pallet basis than less than truckload (LTL) shipments. If, however, a full truckload of a product is ordered to reduce transportation costs, there will be an increase in inventory holding costs which may increase total logistics costs. It is therefore imperative to take a systems approach when planning logistical activities. These trade-offs are key to developing the most efficient and effective Logistics and SCM strategy. Information: Integration of processes through the supply chain to share valuable information, including demand signals, forecasts, inventory, transportation, potential collaboration, etc. Inventory Management: Quantity and location of inventory, including raw materials, work-in-progress (WIP) and finished goods. Cash-Flow: Arranging the payment terms and methodologies for exchanging funds across entities within the supply chain. Supply chain execution means managing and coordinating the movement of materials, information and funds across the supply chain. The flow is bi-directional. Inventory management is primarily about specifying the size and placement of stocke d goods. Inventory management is required at different locations within a facility or within multiple locations of a supply network to protect the regular and planned course of production against the random disturbance of running out of materials or goods. The scope of inventory management also concerns the fine lines between replenishment lead time, carrying costs of inventory, asset management, inventory forecasting, inventory valuation, inventory visibility, future inventory price forecasting, physical inventory, available physical space for inventory, quality management, replenishment, returns and defective goods and demand forecasting. Balancing these competing requirements leads to optimal inventory levels, which is an on-going process as the business needs shift and react to the wider environment. It involves a retailer seeking to acquire and maintain a proper merchandise assortment while ordering, shipping, handling, and related costs are kept in check. Systems and pro cesses that identify inventory requirements, set targets, provide replenishment techniques and report actual and projected inventory status. It handles all functions related to the tracking and management of material. This would include the monitoring of material moved into and out of stockroom locations and the reconciling of the inventory balances. It may also include ABC analysis, lot tracking, cycle counting support etc. Management of the inventories, with the primary objective of determining/controlling stock levels within the physical distribution function to balance the need for product availability against the need for minimizing stock holding and handling costs. 1.2 Rationale to the study Most of the researches in supply chain areas are concerned about optimizing the supply chain in terms of its efficiency and competence in the product market, but only limited studies are done considering the inventory management in supply chains. Effective inventory management in a supply chain can play a vital role in cutting inventory holding costs across the different stages of the supply chain, thus emphasizing the need of a general model for managing inventories within a supply chain. Baganha Cohen (1996) developed a stabilizing model for effective inventory management for supply chains. Supply chain materials management methods could be made complex considering a multi product scenario and discontinuous supply chains. So the models developed should have room for all kinds of supply chain variability. Lee Billington (1993) developed a model for inventory management considering decentralized supply chains. 1.3 Overview/Significance of the are under study Inventory management for supply chains could be effective only when the information flow from top to bottom of a supply chain is streamlined. Cachon Fisher (2000) developed a value shared information model and performed a comparative study with the conventional data sharing strategies and end ed up with the proposed model performing better, reducing inventory holding expenses. Strategic plans for the effective 4 distribution of information are essential for supplying goods at the customer expected rate. Mutual sharing and analyzing of the information and standards between the supplier and customer at every stage of the supply chain is crucial and it also nurtures customer supplier relationships. Thus incorporating information flow standards in inventory management in a supply chain will definitely result in increased returns. Supply chains can be streamlined in such a way that they are continuous and follow the chain of activities at any given time. But there are certain cases where the chains appear to be in a broken or discontinuous form due to lack of communication flow and other practical factors that limit them from following the supply chain policy. So in such cases it is extremely difficult to evaluate the inventory management strategies. Materials stored at va rious locations of a supply chain can have divergent effects on the cost and service levels of the chain (Lee Billington, 1993). So managing inventories in such supply chains requires special focus and considerations at all levels. Inventory exist s in the supply chain because of a mismatch between supply and demand. This mismatch is intentional at a steel manufacturer where it is economical to manufacture in large lots that are then stored for future sales. The mismatch is also intentional at a retail store where inventory is held in anticipation of future demand. An important role that inventory plays in the supply chain is to increase the amount of demand that can be satisfied by having product ready and available when the customer wants it. Another significant role inventory plays is to reduce cost by exploiting any economics of scale that may exist during both production and distribution. Inventory is spread throughout the supply chain from raw materials to work in proce ss to finished goods those suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and retailers hold. Inventory is a major source of cost in a supply chain and it has a huge impact on responsiveness. If we think of the responsiveness spectrum, the location and quantity of inventory can move the supply chain from one end of the spectrum to the other. For example, an apparel supply chain with high inventory levels at the retail stage has a high level of responsiveness because a customer can walk into a store and walk out with the shirt they were looking for. In contrast, an apparel supply chain with little inventory would be very unresponsive. A customer wanting a shirt would have to order it and wait several weeks or even months for it to be manufactured, depending on how little inventory existed in the supply chain. Inventory also has a significant impact on the material flow time in a supply chain. Material flow time is the time that elapses between the points at which material enters the supp ly chain to the point at which it exist. Another important area where inventory has a significant impact is throughput. For a supply chain, throughput is the rate at which sales occur. If inventory is represented by I, flow time by T, and throughput by D, the thee can be related using Littles law as follows: I = DT For example, if the flow time of an auto assembly process is ten hours and the throughput is 60 units an hour, Littles Law tells us that the inventory is 60 x 10 = 600 units. If we were able to reduce inventory to 300 units while holding throughput constant, we would reduce our flow time to five hours (300/60). We note that in this relationship, inventory and throughput must have consistent units. The logical conclusion here is that inventory and flow time are synonymous in a supply chain. managers should use actions that lower the amount of inventory needed without increasing cost or reducing responsiveness, because reduces flow time can be a significant advanta ge in a supply chain. 1.4 Historical Developments In the 1980s, the term Supply Chain Management (SCM) was developed[6] to express the need to integrate the key business processes, from end user through original suppliers. Original suppliers being those that provide products, services and information that add value for customers and other stakeholders. The basic idea behind the SCM is that companies and corporations involve themselves in a supply chain by exchanging information regarding market fluctuations and production capabilities. If all relevant information is accessible to any relevant company, every company in the supply chain has the possibility to and can seek to help optimizing the entire supply chain rather than sub optimize based on a local interest. This will lead to better planned overall production and distribution which can cut costs and give a more attractive final product leading to better sales and better overall results for the companies involved. In corporating SCM successfully leads to a new kind of competition on the global market where competition is no longer of the company versus company form but rather takes on a supply chain versus supply chain form. The primary objective of supply chain management is to fulfill customer demands through the most efficient use of resources, including distribution capacity, inventory and labor. In theory, a supply chain seeks to match demand with supply and do so with the minimal inventory. Various aspects of optimizing the supply chain include liaising with suppliers to eliminate bottlenecks; sourcing strategically to strike a balance between lowest material cost and transportation, implementing JIT (Just In Time) techniques to optimize manufacturing flow; maintaining the right mix and location of factories and warehouses to serve customer markets, and using location/allocation, vehicle routing analysis, dynamic programming and, of course, traditional logistics optimization to maximize the efficiency of the distribution side. There is often confusion over the terms supply chain and logistics. It is now generally accepted that the term Logistics applies to activities within one company/organization involving distribution of product whereas the term supply chain also encompasses manufacturing and procurement and therefore has a much broader focus as it involves multiple enterprises, including suppliers, manufacturers and retailers, working together to meet a customer need for a product or service. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The changing dynamics of Supply Chain Inventory Management" essay for you Create order

Alzheimer s Disease And How It Affects The Brain

This research paper will be about Alzheimer’s disease and how it affects the brain. It will also tell you many other things about Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s disease is named after the German physician Dr. Alois Alzheimer, who first discovered Alzheimer’s in 1906. It is the most common form of dementia, and it is found in around sixty to eighty percent of all cases of dementia. Alzheimer’s is a progressive disorder (physical ailment whose course in most cases is the worsening, growth, or spread of the disease), and it is characterized by large loss of nerve cells and the connection between them, along with change in personality and behavior. Its course is never ending, but pretty predictable. People who are on the upwards of sixty-five†¦show more content†¦As other areas of the brain are affected, the victim becomes more bedridden, and eventually requires total care, after a while the person becomes entirely irresponsive to the outside w orld. The causes of Alzheimer’s disease are still for the most part unknown. Scientists can’t quite pinpoint the exact causes of Alzheimer’s. But for the last twenty years the cause getting the most attention is that it is caused by an excess amount of insoluble fragments of beta-amyloid, then that leads to the loss of connection between brain cells, then eventually the death of said brain cells. (American Scientist, 44) The risk factors can increase the possibility of having Alzheimer’s, but isn’t exactly linked to cause Alzheimer’s. Age, genetics, gender, cardiovascular disease, having down syndrome, depression, immune system malfunctions, endocrine (hormonal) disorders, slow-acting viruses or bacteria, vitamin deficiencies, exposure to electromagnetic fields and accumulation of metals such as zinc, copper, iron and aluminum in the body, or previous head injuries are the risk factors. If you’re older, a female, and have had other people in your bloodline with Alzheimer’s then your chances of getting Alzheimer’s are significantly increased. The chances of getting Alzheimer’s doubles every five years after the age 65. Some research says that the chances of getting Alzheimer’s

Interpersonal Communications Essay Example For Students

Interpersonal Communications Essay Question #1 is the perfect question to answer, in fact, an opertune matter happened between my son, my wife and I, that exhibited all the differences between verbal and nonverbal communication between two very important people in my life. What is the difference between verbal and nonverbal communication? To understand the definition between the two we must first understand the definition of the word communication. Websters defines the word commuication as, the transmission or exchange of ideas, information, etc., as by speech, writing or that which is communicated: a message. However, in the broadest sense, communication is the process of acting upon information. We will write a custom essay on Interpersonal Communications specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Someone does or says something, and others think or do something in response to the action or the words as they are understood. Which will be described in the matter mentioned. The question ask to my wife and I by our 22 year old son was what do youll think about my girl friend? Not having enough information to answer his question I asked, Do you mean how pretty she is? He answered, No, I mean what do youll think about me living with my girlfriend again? My wife immedately attempted to answer his question which meant she selected what she wanted to hear and focused on the verbal message given by our son at that time. Her answer, Son we have nothing against your girlfriend in general or with you living with her if that is what you want. But, remember youve tried living with her, and you both have had an assortment of conflicts with one another. So, you need to decide if you want to live this way. Her question to him was, do you love her? His aggesivley answered, love is not the point, you dont have to love a person to live with them. To analyze the conversation so far meant to me our son was verbally saying one thing but really meaning another. By his aggresive tone of voice when he answered my wifes question was his nonverbal way of saying that there is a problem with love or caring between he and his girlfriend. To gather more information to try and find out the real message I stated in my wifes defense, that a person does need to care somewhat about another person when in a intimate relationship such as you and your girlfriend. Although love may not be the point, your feelings for her play a big part in answering your question. Than I asked, what are youre feeling for her and do you like being with her? His answer, while holding his hands against his head as if he had an headace, I care for her a lot and I like being with her. I asked, what are the feelings you dislike about her? His answer, what I dont like are the arguments we have and me not being able to do what I want when I want. Also, I cant seem to trust her. She wants me to have my things and she have hers. But I feel if I stop seeing her, I would feel guilty because she helped me when I needed help. We can define verbal communication as the transmission of information as by speech or writing, and nonverbal communication as behavior other than written or spoken language, that creates a meaning for someone. Most verbal cummuicating result in words not always delivering the message due to barriers. For example, our sons question was what do youll think about my girlfriend?, this question could have several answers, therefore it needed confirming before being answered. After confirming the question we now know how to respond. By my wife and I responding with more questions such as, do you love her and what are your feelings for her, brought out the nonverbal portion of the message being communicated, our sons tone of voice changed to be aggressive, he held his hands on his head when he spoke of his feelings. In conclusion the messages our son was really communicating were, he disliked the conflicts between he and his girlfriend. He only wanted to live with his girlfriend because he felt he owed her for helping him, and . Interpersonal Communications Essay Example For Students Interpersonal Communications Essay Question #1 is the perfect question to answer, in fact, an opertune matter happened between my son, my wife and I, that exhibited all the differences between verbal and nonverbal communication between two very important people in my life. What is the difference between verbal and nonverbal communication? To understand the definition between the two we must first understand the definition of the word communication. Websters defines the word commuication as, the transmission or exchange of ideas, information, etc., as by speech, writing or that which is communicated: a message. However, in the broadest sense, communication is the process of acting upon information. We will write a custom essay on Interpersonal Communications specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Someone does or says something, and others think or do something in response to the action or the words as they are understood. Which will be described in the matter mentioned. The question ask to my wife and I by our 22 year old son was what do youll think about my girl friend? Not having enough information to answer his question I asked, Do you mean how pretty she is? He answered, No, I mean what do youll think about me living with my girlfriend again? My wife immedately attempted to answer his question which meant she selected what she wanted to hear and focused on the verbal message given by our son at that time. Her answer, Son we have nothing against your girlfriend in general or with you living with her if that is what you want. But, remember youve tried living with her, and you both have had an assortment of conflicts with one another. So, you need to decide if you want to live this way. Her question to him was, do you love her? His aggesivley answered, love is not the point, you dont have to love a person to live with them. To analyze the conversation so far meant to me our son was verbally saying one thing but really meaning another. By his aggresive tone of voice when he answered my wifes question was his nonverbal way of saying that there is a problem with love or caring between he and his girlfriend. To gather more information to try and find out the real message I stated in my wifes defense, that a person does need to care somewhat about another person when in a intimate relationship such as you and your girlfriend. Although love may not be the point, your feelings for her play a big part in answering your question. Than I asked, what are youre feeling for her and do you like being with her? His answer, while holding his hands against his head as if he had an headace, I care for her a lot and I like being with her. I asked, what are the feelings you dislike about her? His answer, what I dont like are the arguments we have and me not being able to do what I want when I want. Also, I cant seem to trust her. She wants me to have my things and she have hers. But I feel if I stop seeing her, I would feel guilty because she helped me when I needed help. We can define verbal communication as the transmission of information as by speech or writing, and nonverbal communication as behavior other than written or spoken language, that creates a meaning for someone. Most verbal cummuicating result in words not always delivering the message due to barriers. For example, our sons question was what do youll think about my girlfriend?, this question could have several answers, therefore it needed confirming before being answered. After confirming the question we now know how to respond. By my wife and I responding with more questions such as, do you love her and what are your feelings for her, brought out the nonverbal portion of the message being communicated, our sons tone of voice changed to be aggressive, he held his hands on his head when he spoke of his feelings. In conclusion the messages our son was really communicating were, he disliked the conflicts between he and his girlfriend. He only wanted to live with his girlfriend because he felt he owed her for helping him, and he .

William Shakespeares Hamlet And Sophocles Oedipus The King Essays

William Shakespeare's Hamlet And Sophocles' Oedipus The King For this paper I have decided to include information about both readings we have covered. We read William Shakespeare's Hamlet and Sophocles' Oedipus the King. Through reading both stories and by doing outside research I learned something interesting. This was that a Freudian theory was named for a few of the scenes in Oedipus the King and that this theory was also connected to Hamlet. This theory is known as the Oedipus Complex and when explained can provide a lot of insight into the interpretation of these plays. Its actual definition can be found in psychology books and even most encyclopedia. It is a concept used in psychoanalysis that shows a child's unconscious desire for the exclusive love of the parent of the opposite sex. This desire includes jealousy toward the parent of the same sex and the unconscious wish for that parent's death (Oedipus Complex). Freud talks of the complex in boys and how this leads to attachment to the mother. In most cases it is explained using a boy for the example. (It is also explained for females, as a related complex known as Electra, Myers 464-65 and in Clark 168.) The child starts off as an infant being fed by the mothers' breast or even by bottle, but either way the mother assumes the role of nourishing the child. She also cares for the child's body, so much that in early life the child doesn't even realize that they are or should be separate. With this, Freud says, it arouses in it a number of other physical sensations, pleasurable and unpleasurable. By her care of the child's body she becomes its first seducer. The mother has now established her importance to the child and is its first love object. The further development of a child (positive or negative) can depend highly on how the parent and child interact after this point. The most commonly used example I saw in Psychology books talks of when a mother notices her child curiously playing with himself. The mother realizes her connection to these actions and eventually, there will be an age at which the mother decides that it is unacceptable behavior. This can lead to the mother requesting that the behavior stop. The child now is forced to conceal his behavior or in a lot of cases is threatened with being told on or talked to by the father. This was shown by Freud to lead to issues of resentment towards the father. This is closely linked to how the term Oedipus Complex came about. In Oedipus the King Jocasta, Oedipus' mother, realizes what is going to happen to her family after hearing what the oracle had to say. She is told her newborn son will grow to kill his father and marry his mother. She doesn't want the child she has cared for to have to live this prophecy so she sends her son away to die. By trying to escape her own fate she later leads her son right into killing his own father. Oedipus grows up living a lie, the son to the King and Queen of nearby Corinth. He is ignorant to what was foretold. One day a drunkard gets him to question his origins and he travels to Thebes to see what he can find out about what really happened and whether or not the people he was raised by were actually his parents. On the road to Thebes, a man confronts Oedipus and he kills him without a second thought. In his ignorance he had just killed the man who turned out to be his real father, Laios. In effect, Oedipus unconsciously kills his own father, which Freud related to the unconscious desires felt by children throughout their normal early development. As the plot goes on we see what the oracle said coming true. Oedipus ends up in Thebes to find a widowed queen. Being of royalty himself Oedipus marries the queen not knowing it was his own mother. Not only has fate itself brought them back together but also, if you look at it through Freud's theory you see it is true once again. Oedipus' unconscio us desire

Free Essays on Globalization

In 1992, Thomas Friedman took a tour of a Lexus factory in Japan and was amazed at the machines and how they assembled the luxury cars. While eating dinner that night while on a Japanese train he read a story about another confrontation in the Middle East. It was the Israelis and the Palestinians. He concluded that half the world was after the Lexuses and the other half was fighting over who owned the olive tree. His analogy was that the Lexuses were a symbol of brilliant technology because of how they are assembled. Mr. Friedman is a foreign affairs columnist for the New York Times and has a Pulitzer Prize as a foreign correspondent to his resume. Friedman has degrees in an Arabic and Middle Eastern Studies. He has very few academic qualifications as an expert in globalization. Although he said â€Å" I am an inveterate traveler having crisscrossed the globe numerous times in my work for the Times. â€Å"Globalization† he writes â€Å"is driven by enormously powerful technologies which are integrating us more and more everyday whether we like it or not. Theoretically, these aspirations and technologies can be choked off, but only at a huge price to society’s development and only by building even higher and even thicker walls.† I believe that Globalization is not just a phenomenon and not just a passing trend. The international system replaced the Cold War system. It is also the integration of capitol technology, and information across national borders, ins way that is creating a single global market and to some degree, a global village. Globalization- the Lexus_ is the central organizing principle of the post Cold War world, even though many individuals and nations resist by holding onto what has traditionally mattered them to them- the Olive Tree. At first glance, the concept is all about American hegemony, about Disneyification of all corners of the earth. But the reality, thank goodness, is far more complex than that, involvin... Free Essays on Globalization Free Essays on Globalization In 1992, Thomas Friedman took a tour of a Lexus factory in Japan and was amazed at the machines and how they assembled the luxury cars. While eating dinner that night while on a Japanese train he read a story about another confrontation in the Middle East. It was the Israelis and the Palestinians. He concluded that half the world was after the Lexuses and the other half was fighting over who owned the olive tree. His analogy was that the Lexuses were a symbol of brilliant technology because of how they are assembled. Mr. Friedman is a foreign affairs columnist for the New York Times and has a Pulitzer Prize as a foreign correspondent to his resume. Friedman has degrees in an Arabic and Middle Eastern Studies. He has very few academic qualifications as an expert in globalization. Although he said â€Å" I am an inveterate traveler having crisscrossed the globe numerous times in my work for the Times. â€Å"Globalization† he writes â€Å"is driven by enormously powerful technologies which are integrating us more and more everyday whether we like it or not. Theoretically, these aspirations and technologies can be choked off, but only at a huge price to society’s development and only by building even higher and even thicker walls.† I believe that Globalization is not just a phenomenon and not just a passing trend. The international system replaced the Cold War system. It is also the integration of capitol technology, and information across national borders, ins way that is creating a single global market and to some degree, a global village. Globalization- the Lexus_ is the central organizing principle of the post Cold War world, even though many individuals and nations resist by holding onto what has traditionally mattered them to them- the Olive Tree. At first glance, the concept is all about American hegemony, about Disneyification of all corners of the earth. But the reality, thank goodness, is far more complex than that, involvin... Free Essays on Globalization Globalization is a word we are hearing more often these days. It is described as a movement that enables individuals, corporations, and countries to reach around the globe farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before. It is the spread of free market capitalism to virtually every country in the world. With current technological advancements, globalization has become more accessible. Businesses can now manage overseas operations with more control through the use of the Internet and improved telecommunications. Globalization has many characteristics that can benefit some countries while undermining others. To some, globalization is bringing choices and opportunities, while to others it is a disruptive force that threatens lives, jobs, and traditions. In a global economy, markets are without boundaries. Free market capitalism is the driving idea behind globalization. As a result, countries that are willing to participate in the global marketplace are encouraged to open their economy to free trade, privatization, and competition. Every issue has positive and negative points. Despite the promising progress that the global economy promotes, it is surprising that millions of people do not look at globalization in a positive light. Some organizations, such as human rights activists strongly oppose globalization. Why would so many groups oppose something that can be beneficial to every nation? Human rights advocates argue that multinational corporations erode human rights in poorer countries by establishing sweatshops to benefit their business, such as was the incident with Kathie Lee Gifford and her clothes line. Human rights and student groups claim that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank prop up regimes that condone sweatshops and pursue policies that bail out foreign leaders at the expense of local economies. In addition, globalization would bring massive population shifts from rural to urban ... Free Essays on Globalization GLOBALIZATION AND CULTURAL IDENTITY In the review of 'The Clash of civilazation and the remaking of world order', Stephen M. Walt concedes to the fact that, while Samuel P. Huntington's book may "enjoy a longer shelf life" than other works in its league, he ultimatly dismisses it as a "potentially dangerous blueprint for policy." Samuel Huntington says that 'the great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural' which in turn constitutes a 'Clash of Civilazations' because of differing norms and values. In an interview following the 9/11 attacks, Mr. Huntington was featured an a PBS series where he was asked to explain how his theory has held up over the years. Here he speaks of his "Clash of Civilization", a prelude to his in-depth explanation of the lessons we learned from the World Trade Center incident; "Well I think the essence of the argument is that during the Twentieth Century and the Cold War, ideology was a key factor in international relations. The wars were between fascists, communists and liberal democratic countries. Ideology has faded from the scene and people no longer identify with ideologies; they identify with their cultures and cultures may exist at a very local level, but there are also broader cultural entities, and the broadest cultural entities are civilizations. And the argument of the book is that the most dangerous conflicts in the future will be between states and groups from different civilizations because these have a potential to escalate." And when asked about the 9/11 tragedy, he affirms his point with this: "Following September eleventh, how did the world divide in terms of cultures and civilizations? The countries that are closest to us culturallyBritain, Canada, Australiaimmediately came forward, sent military forces to work with ours. The reaction in Europe, part of Western civilization as we are, was again enthusiastic sympathy and expressions of sup... Free Essays on Globalization Globalization Globalization refers to the widening and deepening of the international flows of trade, capital, technology, and information within a single integrated global market (Petras 11). This has been considered to be the basis for global expansionism; the illusion of domestic economic stability has supplemented this process with a strong supportive public opinion. However, the true nature of Globalization continues to be the search for lower waged workers through geographic expansion by means of economic superiority and political manipulation often involving military force (Tabb 25). The reduction of cost due to cheaper labor and an increase in the speed of communication and transportation has continually deepened this process (Tabb 13). Historically, international flows of capital and commodity trade have taken three routes, through imperialist and colonial conquest, trade and investment among advanced capitalist countries and recently through exchanges among Third World countries (Petras 27). These methods share the common goal of exploiting vulnerable areas of the world in order to benefit core countries and more importantly international corporations. However, each route has produced different consequences in global society. Imperialism created an unequal accumulation of capital among the world via the extraction of raw materials in vulnerable colonial regions. This promoted economic growth in the core countries while the periphery was exposed to cheap labor and declining standards of living, basically unable to compete with major world powers. Trade among world powers invited regulated foreign capital in order to complement internal capitalist development. Lastly, the influence of international corporations over Third World regions has led to a large debt crisis in the periphery, which has been used as a tool to manipulate foreign policies in these areas to benefit corporate interests. In the processes of globalizatio... Free Essays on Globalization Thomas L. Friedman is known for writing his interpretations of world affairs. He has won two Pulitzer Prizes as a foreign affairs columnist for The New York Times. In his book, The Lexus and the Olive Tree, Friedman talks about his extensive travels and experiences with people around the globe and how globalization has affected all types of people from all walks of life. He shows how the Lexus represents advancements in technologies and the pursuit of a higher standard of living while the Olive Tree represents a peoples’ roots. Friedman is a supporter of globalization and describes thoroughly how the best course for the world to take is to nurture this new system. Friedman looks at globalization as the system to take over after the collapse of the â€Å"Cold War system.† He describes the Cold War system as a focus on division and with the collapse of the Berlin Wall came the collapse of the Cold War system. Globalization, with a theme of integration, quickly too k its place. Friedman portrays three fundamental changes as the initial steps towards globalization; changes in how we communicate, how we invest and how we attain information about the world. The â€Å"democratization of technology† was the initial step. Innovations in the 1980’s and 1990’s such as computerization, Internet tools and telecommunications are the driving forces behind the democratization of technology. The ability to communicate with anyone around the world easily and cheaply allowed the potential for wealth distribution to be evenly distributed geographically. The â€Å"commercial paper† market actually started the â€Å"democratization of finance.† These were bonds issued by corporations directly to the public to raise capital. Bonds stopped the monopoly that banks held over people, which allowed for credit to flow freely. The third and final change was the â€Å"democratization of information.† This change began with the globaliz ation of televi... Free Essays on Globalization Globalization: Is it worth it? Given today’s economy does it make sense for a small company to go global? According to Charles Hill, author of International Business, he seems to think that it is a good thing along with many other businessmen, influential economists, and even politicians. Yet that is not the answer for every industry, take for example the family entertainment center industry; going global is not always the wisest choice for expansion. This became evident in a recent interview which was held with Richard Beckert, (personal communication, October 20, 2003); the former CEO and President of Malibu Entertainment Worldwide, Incorporated. Malibu Entertainment Worldwide, Inc. (MEWI) at one time owned and operated approximately 40 family entertainment centers across the United States, Japan, and Spain. Malibu Entertainment is now no longer in existence as it sold its last park in January of this year. This sprawling global company was a publicly traded company in its prime with shares trading at over $30 per share, today the defunct company’s outstanding shares are trading at a staggering $0.0010 per share. This drastic change in the company happened almost overnight after the global expansion according to Mr. Beckert. After opening the first two locations overseas within weeks of each other the company entered into huge financial difficulties, which forced the sale of the two oversea operations within months of their opening. The sale of the locations came at a huge lose to the company that resulted in a loss of over $10 million. With the huge loss in operating capital and equity in the company its shares literally went for $30 per share to $10 per share overnight. From there on out the company was unable to recover and kept the downward spiral. It was being faced with huge loan repayment notes and investors were pulling funding left and right. The company was forced to slowly sell off assets and parks one by one in ... Free Essays on Globalization Globalization is a confusing concept. For some it conjures up images of electronic communications: an email, global media, and popularization of mobile phones. For others it is about trade: the ability to buy coca-cola in rural villages in Africa. For yet others it is about misappropriation and greed: the suicide of Indian peasant farmers ruined by agri-business and genetically modified seeds. From now on, I will present the negative effects of globalization.  gGlobalization h is a very uneven process, with unequal distribution of benefits and losses. The problem is that of who gains and loses from the potential benefits. This imbalance leads to polarization or separation between the few rich countries or individuals that gain benefits, and the many other countries that lose out or are marginalized. Globalization, polarization, wealth concentration and marginalization are therefore linked through the same process. In this process, investment resources, growth and modern technology are focused on a few countries (mainly in North America, Europe, Japan and East Asian NICs). The basic facts are known: 20% of the world fs population live in absolute poverty, with an income of less than $1 per day. Surviving on less than $2 a day is a reality for almost half the people on the planet.  iA majority of developing countries are excluded from the process, or are participating in it in marginal ways that are often detrimental to their interests; for example, import liberalization may harm their domestic producers and financial liberalization may cause instability. j  @ iThe uneven and unequal nature of the present globalization is manifested in the fast growing gap between the world fs rich and poor people and between developed and developing countries; and by the large differences among nations in the distribution of gains and losses. j As a result, the number of hungry people around the @world keeps rising every year and... Free Essays on Globalization Domestic small-and medium-sized technology companies (SMTC) that are currently plotting their strategic direction are faced with a daunting competitive environment today. On the one hand, SMTCs are struggling to survive in the lull of a once-booming and competitive US technology market. On the other hand, should they look outside the US market, they are faced with the prospect of competing head-on with large multinational corporations that have already established a global presence. The pervasive belief surrounding international expansion of any scale is that it is not an initiative to be launched by a company with limited resources-a belief that would eradicate the entire SMTC segment from the global technology marketplace if taken seriously. The result is that SMTCs hold off on any non-domestic activities until financial and human resources are comfortably able to accommodate a new market entry. Niko Partners, an international business consultancy for small- and medium-sized technology companies, believes that waiting for a high comfort-level would be too late for SMTCs, and in fact could mean the loss of critical competitive ground in the long term. The true first hurdle to globalization is not a resource issue but is the achievement of the strategic global awareness of how the SMTC fits into the global marketplace. Niko believes, regardless of when international expansion actually begins, all SMTCs should at least be actively incorporating an international v ista into their strategic roadmaps now. For critical social theory, globalization involves both capitalist markets and sets of social relations and flows of commodities, capital, technology, ideas, forms of culture, and people across national boundaries via a global networked society (see Castells 1996, 1997, and 1998 and Held, et al 1999). The transmutations of technology and capital work together to create a new globalized and interconnected world. A technological revolution ... Free Essays on Globalization The phenomenon known as globalisation Introduction To begin with, tell them that they will need to look at the essay questions today Later we will be doing a trial reflective exercise Let’s look at Globalisation My story When my colleagues and I were faced with redundancy we were placed in a unique position. Or perhaps it wasn’t quite so unique, just unspoken; ‘experts’ are not renowned for publicly applying their own theories to themselves. After years working as labour researchers or workplace change consultants we found ourselves in the position of having the stories we told other workers and their managements about why change was happening being reflected back to us by our managers and the people employed to facilitate our departures. We shifted from being purveyors of the discourses and narratives about why change was necessary to sitting in judgement of whether these very discourses and narratives applied to us, made sense to us, or were believable. Armed with more information than the average potentially redundant worker, we gathered around photocopiers, water coolers, staff room dining tables, coffee shop booths, each others desks - and discussed, argued, complained, questioned. As labour researchers we turned on labour theories, as change consultants we turned on theories of workplace change, and asked ourselves and each other, â€Å"Is what I’ve been saying for the last ten years really the case in my case? Now that I’m down there amongst it all instead of looking at it from the safety of an analyst’s lofty heights, does the story look and sound the same?† The Globalisation Story The stories we told the workers went generally like this: Globalisation led to economic and industry restructuring which leads to organisational change which means jobs change which means you have to do things differently to how you did them before and if you do not change, you won’t be able to give your customer... Free Essays on Globalization McGlobalization â€Å"We must use terministic screens, since we can’t really say anything without the use of terms; whatever terms we use, they necessarily constitute a corresponding kind of screen; and any such screen necessarily directs the attention to one field rather than the other. Within that field there can be different screens, each with its ways of directing the attention and shaping the range of observations implicit in the given terminology. All terminologies must implicitly and explicitly embody choices between the principle of continuity and the discontinuity.† Where would the world be in this day and age if everyone had the exact same experiences, exact same thoughts, and the exact same dreams? To think of such things is ridiculous. Humans would be nothing more than robots, all programmed to think and function in the exact same way. Each individual in the world has their own experiences, none of which that are identical. Not one person was raised identical to another. For every person there comes a screen, and for every experience an individual encounters comes another screen. Think of screens like this. A photographer has many different lenses. Each lens comes with their own unique qualities. So when the photographer switches his lens he is switching the entire picture. In regards to humans we are the Johnson 2 photographer and each experience gives us a different view on things. The result of this gives us another screen. Writers and theorist are no exception to this. Newspapers and publications would not have such an impact on the world if every person had the same view on things. We take in information from one and another and twist it all around in our heads to come up with our own individual ideas. Real life examples of this our seen everywhere. An issue I wish to address is how different people interpret the phenomenon, globalization. To help support this paper I will give examples from d... Free Essays on Globalization Conflict Resolution in Organizations Conflict comes about from differences – differences of opinion, differences in thinking, differences in needs and differences in values. Sometimes these differences can complement each other, as in diversity. Everyone encounters situations on a regular basis that affect how one works and relates with other people. But sometimes we will encounter conflict and in dealing with conflict comes about resolution. One key element in building effective organizational partnerships is the creation of conflict resolution processes and systems that encourage people to work through conflicts and to use them to build better partnerships. As leaders encourage high performance organizations they also need to design conflict resolution systems that encourage that can be an effective tool in dealing with day-to-day situations. Conflict resolution in organizations builds stronger and more cohesive organizations and more rewarding relationships. When we fear conflict or perceive it as a nega tive experience, we harm our chances of dealing with it effectively. Moreover, conflict is neither a positive or negative in situation. Conflict is a natural occurrence. Conflict is a by-product of the diversity that challenges our thoughts, our attitudes, our beliefs, and our perceptions. Each of us has influence and power over whether or not conflict becomes negative and that influence and power is found in the way we handle it. In my organization, (your company), conflict is a way of life and is something that must be dealt with accordingly. Being skillful in resolving conflict is an important managerial tool. Senior and middle level management typically utilize a Win-Win approach in dealing with conflict at (your company). Win-Win conflict is achieved by a blend of both high cooperativeness and high assertiveness (Schermerhorn, Hunt, & Osborn, 2000, p.383). The Win-Win Approach is about changing the conflict fr... Free Essays on Globalization In the ever-present debates about globalization, the experience has often been identified with late twentieth-century forms of political market - notably market liberalization - and the associated changes in political thought. Important as these forms have been, however they are hardly the core of global transformation. Globalization is not simply or mainly either an economic or a recent historical occurrence, indeed not a single process at all, and requires a much deeper and broader understanding. Only when this is understood can the significance of the global for the social sciences be acheived.Globalization can be defined as a multifaceted set of distinct but related processes - economic, cultural, social but also political and military - through which economic relations have developed global reach and significance. In this sense globalization includes the development of relations of many kinds as well as particularly global forms. It can be coupled, as Anthony Giddens among other s has argued, to reflective changes in the relations of time and space in the development of progress. Globalization has been developing for six centuries, in the processes through which the ‘multi-power actor civilization’ of the West, as Michael Mann calls it, starting in Europe, has come to take over more or less the entire world. Every 10 years or more accurately each historical period (obviously these do not match precisely with the chronology of centuries) - has made its own contribution to global transformation. From the European exploration of the ‘Indies’ and discovery of ‘America’, in the fifteenth century, through the old days of the Spanish and Portuguese empires to the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century domination of Britain and France, a Western new world order came into existence. At the beginning of this process of global change was the new standard of Western economic and cultural life, which by the end of the nineteenth centur y ... Free Essays on Globalization Introduction We are in the midst of a global information revolution driven by the convergence and proliferation of information and communication technologies. The telecommunications sector is changing at warp speed, driven by technological innovation that results in new equipment and services, and also by new entrants and alliances between companies with experience in a wide range of information industries from telecommunications to broadcasting to computer hardware and software to publishing. Three major trends are driving these changes:  · the rapid introduction of new technologies and services;  · the restructuring of the telecommunications sector; and  · globalization of economies and of communications. Together these developments are not only changing the world of telecommunications, but the ways people work, learn, and interact. The Death of Distance "The death of distance as a determinant of the cost of communications will probably be the single most important economic force shaping society in the first half of the next century." The death of distance could have profound implications for both individuals and organizations. The ability to work "anytime, anywhere" allows "road warriors" to work without offices on planes, in hotels, and at client sites, and enables information workers to telecommute from their homes rather than traveling to work. This flexibility can be two-edged for individuals, who can work wherever they choose but may never escape the "virtual workplace." Organizations may reduce their overhead costs and improve their productivity, but they must also learn how to manage their decentralized work force. One major technological trend is the extension of "information superhighways" in the form of broadband networks; another is the increasing ubiquity of communications using wireless technologies (that will, however, initially provide access to squirts rather than floods of information). Personal c...

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The global security structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The global security structure - Essay Example Whereas the previous era was defined by hard targets and the means through which terrorists could affect physical damage upon a given state via the use of explosives and/or other traditional forms of violence, policy makers and governmental entities have come to place cyber-terrorism as equally important as WMDs and the use of other conventional weapons, due to the disastrous impacts that it can have on a nation’s economy. Threats to cyber-security, from the perspective of the United States, primarily originate from Russia, China, and aspects of organized crime throughout the world up to and including terrorist groups. Classical realism and an approach to security: †¢ The survival of the state is dependent upon its ability to organize and control its military as a means of defending its territory. Even though national interests can be compared, no two states can have the same national interest. As a direct function of the rationale and understanding of why conflict merges can clearly be seen. Security is the fundamental concern that any state has – more important than political ideology or other power motives As a means of preserving this security, military means are employed as the most powerful deterrents. Implications of neorealism: For neorealists weapons and weapons systems are the most relevant indicators of the way in which power can be exerted and used to influence a situation. Implications of classical realists: Classical realists would likely point to two key shortcomings that neorealists have, namely the fact that it glosses over the role of choice for the individual actors, and the fact that it does not question the constraints or longevity of security structures. Changes to the global structure: The first major shift can be seen with regard to the way in which Pres. Jimmy Carter tried to move United States foreign-policy from a realist perspective towards more of an idealist perspective. In such a way, the Helsinki Agreement alon g with other factors helped to promote a level of idealism and hope for the way in which the United States, and indeed the rest of the world, could integrate with. Another noted shift came with the Clinton administration. Due to the fact that the collapse of the Soviet Union had presented the United States with a drastically redefined world, Clinton and his entire staff were of the opinion that instead of acting in a unipolar way, or understanding the world in something of a bipolar matter, the United States would be much better served to engage with multilateral forces to include the WTO, the World Bank, the IMF, NAFTA, and NATO, not to mention the UN, as a means of effecting United States interests upon the rest of the world. It almost goes without saying that the United States faces a definitive shift with regard to the Bush administration and specifically the events after September 11, 2001. As a result of the terrorist attack, President Bush shifted the United States policy bac k towards a unipolar interpretation of the world, and an idea that the United States should craft its own future based upon the inherent needs that the nation experiences, regardless of the ramifications or repercussions to other states/actors. As further means of comparison, Pres. Obama has served as something of a mixture of three of his predecessors. Ultimately, Obama combines the unilateralism of Bush’

Diabetes mellitus type 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Diabetes mellitus type 2 - Essay Example This is when blood cells not only ignore insulin but also prevent glucose absorption in to the body, hence resulting to its build up in the blood (Braham, 2011). The initial symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus are the emission of a faint smell, normally fruit or vegetable order, in his breath or urine. This urine is commonly known as sweet urine (Braham, 2011). The essay will shed more light on diabetes mellitus type 2, its symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and patient education. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is the most common type of diabetes. According to studies so far conducted, it is cited to have contributed to about 90-95% of all the complication’s cases (Levenne & Donnelly, 2008). Apart from high blood pressure, other risk factors associated with this malady include genetic factors and high cholesterol levels. In most cases, its occurrence is due to the disruption of sensitive tissues to the extent that they no longer respond properly to insulin, hence graduating to insulin resistance (Poretsky, 2010). This is a state where accumulation of glucose in the blood exceeds the appropriate levels. This condition if not treated earlier, it normally results to failing of peripheral blood tissues. Generally, Type 2 if untreated can be life threatening, especially if not detected earlier. This is because lack of treatment can result to severe complications such as kidney failure, blindness and nerve damage (Braham, 2011). Studies contend type 2 is the main contributing factor in the contraction of strokes and coronary heart diseases. This is due to the narrowing and hardening of blood vessels, which is a problem commonly known as atherosclerosis (Braham, 2011). Loss of glucose in urine and elevated blood sugar levels are the earliest symptoms of untreated type 2 condition. Some of type 2 symptoms that follow later on usually vary across persons. The most cited symptoms of this type are usually blurred

Using Tight-Binding Model Essay Example for Free

Using Tight-Binding Model Essay Abstract— In this study, using tight binding model a simple analytical approach has been proposed to investigate the energy dispersion of graphene under the conditions of different planner strain distribution. Here the change in the angle between the primitive unit vectors due to application of external strain has been taken into consideration to propose the approach. From our proposed model it is found that graphene under relaxed or symmetrical strain distribution is a zero bandgap semiconductor. However a band gap is opened as the asymmetrical strain is applied to it. It is seen that upto a certain level of strain (i.e. 12.2 % parallel to carbon-carbon bond and 7.3% perpendicular to carbon-carbon bond) the band gap of graphene increases and then begin to fall . So, four different assumptions have been made for angular change of primitive unit vectors for four different regions of applied strain (i.e. before and after the strain of 12.2 % parallel to carbon-carbon bond before and after the strain of 7.3% perpendicular to carbon-carbon bond). The result obtained in the present study are compared and found an excellent agreement, with more or less 96% accuracy with that of determined from first principle technique. Keywords—Graphene, planner strain, tight binding model, energy dispersion, band-gap. I. INTRODUCTION Graphene, a strictly two-dimensional material having unusual and interesting properties [1] is a rapidly rising star on the horizon of material science and condensed matter physics. It is a material of interest in semiconductor industry because of its exceptionally high crystal and electronic quality, excellent transport properties (i.e. high electron mobility [2] and high thermal conductivity), and as it is planner, it is capable of extreme device scaling comparing with silicon technology. However these excellent properties are associated with a major drawback; graphene is a zero bandgap semiconductor or semimetal [3]-[4]. For large scale manufacturing, the absence of bandgap is the most difficult engineering issue to solve. The zero bandgap revels that it is impossible to switch graphene based device from the conductive to the nonconductive state. So it can not be used in the logic circuit. As the zero bandgap property of graphene limits its application in practical fields, scientists are working to find out the methods to open the bandgap in graphene. To solve this problem several methods have been proposed, such as graphene nanoribbin using quantum confinement effect in its transverse direction [5]-[8], bilayer graphene introducing symmetry breaking between two carbon layers via an external electric field [9],[10] , by the process of doping [11]-[13] and by the process of external strain [14],[15]. To investigate the bandgap opening by the above methods, several techniques have been applied for calculating the band structure of graphene such as first principal calculation, tight binding modeling, k.p method etc. All of them are performed earlier using the software simulation or numerical techniques, which require a huge computational complexity and time consuming and need high capacity super computer. In our study we have proposed a simple analytical approach to investigate the energy dispersion of graphene under different planner strain condition. Using the proposed method the bandgap opening is calculated under the application of asymmetrical strain parallel and perpendicular to the carbon-carbon bond in graphene. The results obtained from the proposed method is compared with the result published by the first principle method and found to be in good agreement with more or less 96 % accuracy. II. METHOD Graphene is a honeycomb lattice of regular hexagonal structure. But it loses its regular hexagonal structural symmetry under uniaxial/shear strain. When planar stress is applied to graphene, the position of carbon atoms shift relative to each other. As a result the vector position of lattice point changes. To explain this, the angle between a1 and a2 is considered here as ÃŽ ¸ instead of assuming 60o which is true for ideal or relaxed graphene structure. The eï ¬â‚¬ect in the tight-binding Hamiltonian is that the parameters of tight-binding scales changes accordingly. The strained lattice structure of graphene is shown in Fig.1. We have used the simple nearest Neighbor tight binding model. Here each Carbon atom is ÏÆ' bonded with three of its nearest neighbor Carbon atoms. Fig.1 : The direct lattice structure of graphene under strained condition The primitive unit vectors can be represented by where The separation of the carbon atoms (A and B) can be represented by three vectors R1, R2, R3 From Tight-binding energy dispersion model the formula of energy dispersion is given by [13] (1) Where Here is a fitting parameter which is often called the nearest neighbor overlap energy or hopping integral. The value of varies from 2.7eV to 3.3eV. (2) This is the generalized equation for the energy dispersion of graphene. Here is the angle between the primitive unit vectors. For the unstrained or relaxed condition, the value of the angle = 60o. In this case the Ï€ bands overlap at direct point or K point of the two dimensional brillouin zone. (a) (b) Fig.2(a) energy dispersion of relaxed graphene and (b) the corresponding brillouin zone. We have investigated the electronic structure of graphene under different planar strain distributions by the tight-binding (TB) approach. The graphene has been strained in three different ways [12]. These are : (i) symmetrical strain distribution (keeping the hexagonal symmetry unchanged) as shown in fig. 3.1(a) , (ii) asymmetrical strain distribution parallel to C-C bonds as shown in Fig. 3.1(b) , (iii) asymmetrical distribution perpendicular to C-C bonds as shown in Fig.3.1(c). Fig 3(a) Graphene system with symmetrical strain distribution, (b) asymmetrical strain distribution perpendicular to C-C bonds, and (c) asymmetrical strain distribution parallel to C-C bonds. Corresponding primitive cells in black, reciprocal lattices in green dashed and Brillouin zones in green grey are illustrated below the deformed lattices. Γ, K, M, R and S are the high symmetrical points. Lx and Ly are the half of the diagonal lengths of the primitive cells in parallel and perpendicular direction of the carbon-carbon bond. As the strain is applied to the graphene, it causes the deformation of the regular hexagonal structure of it . It also causes the deformation in the primitive unit cell. If the strain is symmetric then the band property of the system does not change but for asymmetrical strain , the band property of the system changes due to symmetry breaking. When an asymmetrical strain parallel to C-C bond is applied, it causes a deformation in the primitive unit cell. This deformation is taken as a change in angle between the primitive unit vectors. Here the strain is applied upto 12.2 % and it is seen that with the increase in strain the angle between the primitive unit vectors is reduced by following a 3 degree polynomial with respect to Lx and Ly(where Lx and Ly are in nanometer). The equation of is (3) This value of is then put in equation (2) to calculate the band gap under different strain distribution . It is seen that up to Ly =0.2396 nm band gap of graphene increases then the bandgap begin to fall . For this region the assumption of is different and it is, (4) In case asymmetrical applied strain perpendicular to C-C bond , up to 7.3 % strain the angle between the primitive unit vectors is increased by following a 2 degree polynomial with respect Lx and Ly. The equation of is, (5) Now up to Lx = 0.1323 nm band gap of graphene increases and then the bandgap begins to fall. For this region the assumption of is, (6) III.RESULT Asymmetrical strain distribution results in the opening of the bandgap between the maximum of the valance band and the minimum of the conduction band in graphene. When an asymmetrical strain parallel to carbon-carbon bond is applied, Ly increases. Then for the system in order to come back to its lowest energy, Lx decreases during the structural relaxation. Due to change of Lx and Ly, the angle between the primitive unit vectors decreases and causes the symmetry breaking. This angular change is taken as the parameter of deformed primitive cell to calculate the electronic structure of graphene. For example, for Ly = 0.2196, 0.2236, 0.2396, and 0.2436 nm the corresponding optimized values of Lx are Lx= 0.1228, 0.1224, 0.1217 and 0.1216 nm. Then from our proposed model the corresponding angle between the primitive unit vectors are =59.47o, 58.91o, 54.79o and 57.75o. The corresponding electronic structure or band diagrams are shown in fig.4 with the extended view at K point (a) (b) (c) (d) Fig.4 Extended view of bandgap opening for (a) Ly=0.2196 nm and Lx=0.1228 nm (b) Ly=0.2236 nm and Lx=0.1224 nm (c) Ly=0.2396 nm and Lx=0.1217 nm (d) Ly=0.2436 nm and Lx=0.1216 nm. Similar behavior is obtained in the graphene system, when asymmetrical strain perpendicular to carbon-carbon bond is applied. In this case for example for Lx =0.1268, 0.1292, 0.1353 nm the corresponding optimized Ly are Ly=0.2126, 0.2120 and 0.2105 nm and the corresponding deformed angle are = 60.52o, 61.05oand 60.38o. The opening of bandgap corresponding to these deformed angle are shown in fig.5 (a) (b) (c) FIG.4 EXTENDED VIEW OF BANDGAP OPENING FOR (A) LX=0.1268 NM AND LY= 0.2126 NM (B) LX= 0.1292 NM AND LY=0.2120 NM (C) LY=0.1353 NM AND LX= 0.2105 NM . These results revels that the zero bandgap or semi-metallic behavior of graphene sheet gets modified or a bandgap is opened when asymmetrical strain is applied to it. Now the question is what is the reason behind this? We know that planner graphene consists of strong bonds and delocalized pz electrons. Here orbitals are formed by overlapping the pz orbitals of the carbon atoms in the hexagonal lattice. These and bands touches each other at the K point causing zero bandgap. When the strain is applied the carbon-carbon bonds of graphene get elongated. Due to this elongation of carbon-carbon bonds, the electron clouds get localized on the corresponding carbon atoms. Therefore a restriction is imposed on movement of the electrons which causes the opening the bandgap at the K point. In this way, under strained condition, graphene loses its semimetal characteristics and turns into a direct bandgap semiconductor. IV.COMPARISON WITH ESTABLISHED METHOD: In this study, we have calculated the band gap of graphene under the application of asymmetrical strain by an analytical approach. The calculated value is found to be in great agreement with the measured value obtained by first principle calculation [14]. It is found that in case of asymmetrical strain distribution parallel and perpendicular to C-C bond, the percentage of error is more or less 4 % for most of the data which is shown In this study an analytical model has been proposed for investigating the energy dispersion of strained graphene under the distribution of the planner strain in parallel and perpendicular to carbon-carbon bond. Using the proposed model the energy dispersion for different planner strain has been calculated. From our study it is seen that for relaxed or symmetrically strained graphene, the band gap of the system is zero. When asymmetrical strain parallel or perpendicular to carbon-carbon bond is applied then a finite bandgap is opened. And it is also seen that tuning the percentage strain, the band gap can also be tuned. Here it is also seen that comparing the perpendicular strain, parallel strain parallel to the carbon -carbon bond more induces more bandgap. Finally we have compared our results with the results obtained from the established method and found good agreement with around 96 % accuracy. References [1]A.K. Geim and K.S. Novoselov, â€Å"The rise of graphene ,† Nat. Mater, vol.6, pp.183-191, 2007. [2]Ryutaro Sako, Hideaki Tsuchiyaand Matsuto Ogawa, â€Å"Influence of bandgap opening on ballistic electron transport in bilayer graphene and graphene nanoribbon FETs,† IEEE Trans. Electronic Devices., vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 3300–3306, Oct. 2011. [3]K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S.V. Dubonos, I.V. Grigorieva and A.A. Firsov, Science 306, 666 (2004). [4]K.S. Novoselov, D. Jiang, F.Schedin, T.J. Bhoot, V.V. Khot-kevich, S.V. Morozov and A.K Geim, Proc.Natl.Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102,10451 (2005). [5]M.Y. Han, B. Ozylmaz, Y. Zhang, and P. Kim, â€Å"Energy band gap engineering of grapheme nanoribbons,† Phys. Rev. Lett. ,vol. 98, no. 20, P. 206805, May 2007. [6]G. Liang, N. Neophytou, D.E. Nikonov, and M.S. Lundstrom, â€Å" Performance projections for ballistic graphene nanoribbon ï ¬ eld-effect transistors,† IEEE Trans. Electr on Devices, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 677–682, Apr. 2007. [7]Y. W. Son, M. L. Cohen, and S. G. Louie, â€Å"Energy gaps in graphene nanoribbons,† Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 97, no. 21, p. 216803, Nov. 2006. [8]X. Li, X. Wang, L. Zhang, S. Lee, and H. Dai, â€Å"Chemically derived, ultrasmooth graphene nanoribbon semiconductors,† Science, vol. 319, no. 5867, pp. 1229–1232, Feb. 2008. [9]T. Ohta, A. Bostwick, T. Seyller, K. Horn, and E. Rotenberg, â€Å"Controlling the electronic structure of bilayer graphene,† Science, vol. 313, no. 5789, pp. 951–954, Aug. 2006. [10]Y. Zhang, T.-T. Tang, C. Girit, Z. Hao, M. C. Martin, A. Zettl, M. F. Crommie, Y. R. Shen, and F. Wang, â€Å"Direct observation of a widely tunable bandgap in bilayer graphene,† Nature, vol. 459, no. 7248, pp. 820–823, Jun. 2009. [11]Jun Ito, Jun Nakamura, and Akiko Natori, â€Å"Semiconducting nature of the oxygen-adsorbed graphene sheet ,† Journal of applied phys. 103,113712 (2008). [12]Paolo Marconcini, Gianluca Fiori, Alessandro Ferretti, Giuseppe Iannaccone, and Massimo Macucci, â€Å"Numerical analysis of transport properties ofboron-doped graphene FETs†. [13]Zhipping Xu and Kun Xue, â€Å"Engeneering grap hene by oxidation: a first principle study,† Nanotechnology 21 (2010) 045704 [14]Gui Gui, Jin Li, and Jianxin Zhong ‘Band structure engineering of graphene by strain: First-principles calculations’, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 78, 075435 2008. [15]V.J. Surya, K. Iyakutti, H. Mizuseki, and Y. Kawazoe, â€Å"Tuning electronic structure of Graphene: A first-principle calculation,† IEEE Trans. Nanotechnology, vol.11, No.3,pp.534-541, May 2012.

The Korean War Essay -- essays research papers

The Korean War For hundreds of years Korea was dominated by the Chinese empire. After Japan was defeated by the allies in WW II., Korea became occupied by the Russians in the North and the Americans in the South. Both the U.S. and the Soviets realized that Korea was a strategic country. It was important to occupy because it lay between China, Japan, and the Soviet Union. North and South Korea were divided by the 38th parallel, it split the country into two regions. Russia and America became politically involved in Korea, each set up strong governments. The United States wanted Korea to be held under democratic rule, while the Soviets wanted communist rule. They took these conflicting views to the United Nations (UN), which had just been set up to prevent another world war and help with international elections. The UN decided that both sides of Korea should have their own elections. The elections were held on January 12, 1948. North Korea favoured communism, the people elected the Russians and Kim I l Sung, a former guerrilla leader. South Korea favoured democracy and formed the Republic of Korea under U.S. educated, Dr. Sygman Rhee. The Soviets left a communist dictatorship with a well-trained, well armed, North Korean-Soviet army. In fear of the North Koreans newly developed strength, the U.S. left South Korea with some small arms and military advisors. The Korean War dates from June 1950 to July 1953. The war started on June 25 1950, when a Northern Korean(-Soviet) arm...

Marketing communications strategy

In the case, Benetton is using an offbeat and customer-centric marketing perspective in a highly saturated industry. In terms of retail clothing, there are high barriers in this market when it comes to getting a marketing message across to the inundated consumer. Therefore, what Benetton is trying to do, as shown in the case, is present itself as an outsider within this saturated market, in order to both appeal to the customer directly, and to confront them with issues of empowerment.This is related to the chapter’s mention of â€Å"Customer Empowerment– Customization: when a company produces individually differentiated products, services, prices, and delivery channels in accordance to the consumer wants/needs† (Chapter 12). The case also involves issues discussed such as heightened competition (retail fashion being a very competitive industry), industry convergence, and disintermediation, or removing the middleman and going straight to the consumers in terms of getting across a fresh and unconventional marketing message.Success behind strategy The success behind Benetton’s marketing strategy is the ability of the company’s marketers to place the company in an outsider role, and also a role of post-modern commentary on culutre. Essentially, this says to the customer that by identifying with the unique or different postmodern advertising of Benetton, and its messages of political and social concern used in advertising, they are identifying with a lifestyle, not just a brand.This was one of the early strategies that was then taken to such extremes by other 80s competitors of Benetton like Swatch and even Nike: by positioning the mainstream retail fashion company in a counter-cultural socio-political position through advertising, the individuation of the consumer is assured, as they relate their own individuality or difference with the uniqueness of the advertising. This led to a lot of success for Benetton’s marketing.In short, the success behind Benettons marketing strategy is the company’s ability to place its unique and controversial advertising brand as a lifestyle as well as a fashion choice. Applying Benetton’s strategy to another retailer Depending on the fashion retailer and the brand awareness of the public, a similar marketing communication strategy to that of Benetton could be either a good move or a bad move.For a company that already has some degree of guerilla, socio-political or counter-cultural marketing in effect, such as a youth-brand company like Ecko or even a monolith with a lot of money to spend on assimilating youth culture, like Nike, it may be possible to make the marketing communications of Benetton a success. On the other hand, if the brand is something like Abercrombie & Fitch, J. Crew, or Tommy Hilfinger, this is a company that relates its brand not to socio-political turmoil and controversy, but to conservatism and the idea of unchanging classic ideals of fashion.Therefore, for this type of retail fashion brand with a lot of conservatism in its image, it would be more difficult to successfully integrate a marketing communications strategy similar to that of Benetton. The consumer would not be able to make a logical connection between a brand like Abercrombie & Fitch, and an image of high shock value controversy, which could relate to cognitive dissonance on the part of the consumer, which is something marketers tend to avoid. REFERENCE Benetton—case study. Chapters 12-14

Leadership: do traits matter? Essay

Managers need skillful and talented leaders to make an organization successful. The reason is that talented leaders can drive their subordinates to achieve goals and objectives of an organization. That will enable organizations to stay competitive in the market. To be a successful leader there should be several qualities. Such as effective communication skills, effective decision making, effective planning, effective coaching skills, effective people management skills and effective motivating skills. These qualities of a competent leader are needed to plan to meet the requirements of an organization. Sailan also should have leaders who have above-mentioned qualities while facing a turbulent situation. As mentioned above Sailan has been failing to produce good advanced level and ordinary level results. Because of that, it has been difficult to achieve the competitive advantage for them as well. (ukessays, 2017) The following methods can be used to review current leadership requirements of Sailan international school. 360-degree feedback – according to Linda (2014) through this 360 feedback employees or managers can get feedbacks regarding their strengths and weaknesses or competencies from peers, supervisors, direct reports and customers. According to (Neil, 2017)this method can be used to evaluate the performance of the whole organization. Especially weaknesses of employees can be identified. This method is so important for Sailan. The reason is that while facing a turbulent situation identifying weaknesses of teachers and the principal is very important. If there is any weakness in teaching the principal/ leader can arrange training programs to improve teaching skills. If there is any weakness in controlling teachers of the principal, director of education can send him for some leadership programs. When this happens Sailan will be able to produce good results and achieve the vision. Even teachers can get a clear picture of their performance by this method. Blake and Mouton managerial grid – according to Peiris (2016) the managerial grid includes various techniques to evaluate leadership requirements. This grid is an important tool for managers to analyze their own leadership styles. According to Patty (2013), this grid has 81 leadership styles. Some of them are impoverished management, country club, task management, middle of the road, team management and team management. With the problem that Sailan faces at the moment team management is appropriate for Sailan. According to this leaders encourage and motivate their employees. Even leaders get a lot of respect from their employees. The principal can appoint sectional heads who can get respect from teachers. Then Sectional heads/ leaders of Sailan can motivate teachers to produce good results and achieve the vision. When teachers become loyal to the sectional heads those teachers will give their best to Sailan. That will enable Sailan to provide high-quality teaching for students . SWOT analysis – SOFT analysis can be used to recognize strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of an organization. Internal and external factors can be identified by this analysis. (Mike, 2016)Â   When considering the strengths of Sailan, which has got a lot of facilities in comparison to other international schools in that particular area. For example, they have their own ground, an auditorium that more than 1500 people can be seated. Even an indoor stadium (almost finished) and a swimming pool have been under construction. The discipline of Sailan has been really good when compared with other international schools. That is one of the main reasons that most of the parents are willing to send their children to Sailan. The main opportunity of Sailan is that this is mainly a Muslim community-based school. So easily they can get the attraction of Muslims who are living in that particular area rather than other international schools. The main weakness of this is lack of results. In last few years A/L and O/L results have been low compared to other schools. When talking about threats, there are a lot of competitive international schools situated around Sailan. Such as gateway, ST’Thomes, ST’ Nicholas, Lyceum, Leeds, Negombo south etc. Especially Leaders of Sailan should consider the weaknesses and threats. Leaders of Sailan such as Director of education, principal, and sectional heads need to correct if there is an error in the education system of Sailan. Principal or sectional heads can supervise teaching.Sectional heads can get feedbacks about the teaching of teachers from students. Even teachers can be asked to write lesson plans. Training programs can be provided for teachers. By moni toring teachers and providing training programs quality of teaching can be improved. It will lead to producing good O/L and A/L results. Then weaknesses of Sailan can be avoided. When producing good results Sailan can face threats easily. Even leader of Sailan should be able to exploit strengths and opportunities as well. 3.2 plan for the development of future situations requiring leadership. The leadership plays a major role in achieving competitive advantage in the industry. The leaders usually create strategies to drive employees to attain vision and mission of an organization. (research papers, 2013) As mentioned above Sailan has threats from its rivals. Even when the school develops more teachers will be recruited in the future. Then leadership will be required to control them. Controlling a large number of teachers will not be an easy task. Leaders of Sailan will need more skills to control those teachers. And also recruitment and selection process has to be considered by leaders at Sailan when it develops. Especially Proper recruitment method and recruiting cost is very crucial for Sailan. Some suggestions are mentioned in the following which can use to identify how to plan for the development of future s

Biography of Mary Custis Lee, Gen. Robert E. Lees Wife

Biography of Mary Custis Lee, Gen. Robert E. Lee's Wife Mary Anna Randolph Custis Lee  (October 1, 1808–November 5, 1873) was the  great-granddaughter of Martha Washington  and  the wife of Robert E. Lee. She played a part in the American Civil War, and her family legacy home became the site of Arlington National Cemetery. Fast Facts: Mary Custis Lee Known For: Wife of Civil War general Robert E. Lee and great-granddaughter of Martha WashingtonAlso Known As: Mary Anna Randolph Custis Lee  Born: October 1, 1807 in Annefield  in  Boyce, VirginiaParents: George Washington Parke Custis, Mary Lee Fitzhugh CustisDied: November 5, 1873 in Lexington, VirginiaPublished Works: Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, by his Adopted Son George Washington Parke Custis, with a Memoir of this Author by his Daughter (edited and published)Spouse: Robert E. Lee (m.  1831–October. 12, 1870)Children: George Washington Custis, William Henry Fitzhugh, Robert E. Lee Jr., Eleanor Agnes, Anne Carter, Mildred Childe, Mary CustisNotable Quote: â€Å"I rode out to my dear old home, so changed it seemed but as a dream of the past. I could not have realized that it was Arlington but for the few old oaks they had spared, the trees planted on the lawn by the Gen’l myself which are raising their tall branches to the Heaven which seems to smile on the desecration around them.† Early Years Marys father George Washington Parke Custis was the adopted son and the step-grandson of George Washington. Mary was his only surviving child, and thus his heir. Educated at home, Mary showed talent in painting. She was courted by many men including Sam Houston but rejected his suit. She accepted the proposal of marriage in 1830 from Robert E. Lee, a distant relative shed known from childhood, after his graduation from West Point. (They had common ancestors Robert Carter I, Richard Lee II and William Randolph, making them respectively third cousins, third cousins once removed, and fourth cousins.) They were married in the parlor at her family home, Arlington House, on June 30, 1831. Highly religious from a young age, Mary Custis Lee was often troubled by illness. As the wife of a military officer, she traveled with him, though she was most happy at her family home in Arlington, Virginia. Eventually, the Lees had seven children, with Mary often suffering from illness and various disabilities including rheumatoid arthritis. She was known as a hostess and for her painting and gardening. When her husband went to Washington, she preferred to remain at home. She avoided Washingtons social circles but was avidly interested in politics and discussed matters with her father and later her husband. The Lee family enslaved many people of African descent. Mary assumed that eventually theyd all be freed, and taught the women to read, write, and sew so that they could support themselves after emancipation. Civil War When Virginia joined the Confederate States of America at the beginning of the Civil War, Robert E. Lee resigned his commission with the federal army and accepted a commission in the army of Virginia. With some delay, Mary Custis Lee, whose illness confined her much of the time to a wheelchair, was convinced to pack up many of the familys belongings and move out of the home at Arlington because its nearness to Washington, D.C., would make it a target for confiscation by the Union forces. And thats what happened, for failure to pay taxes- though an attempt to pay the taxes was apparently refused. She spent many years after the war ended trying to regain possession of her Arlington home: Poor Virginia is being pressed on every side, yet I trust God will yet deliver us. I do not allow myself to think of my dear old home. Would that it had been razed to the ground or submerged in the Potomac rather than have fallen into such hands. From Richmond where she spent much of the war, Mary and her daughters knitted socks and sent them to her husband to distribute to soldiers in the Confederate Army. Later Years and Death Robert returned after the surrender of the Confederacy, and Mary moved with Robert to Lexington, Virginia, where he became president of Washington College (later renamed Washington and Lee University). During the war, many of the family possessions inherited from the Washingtons were buried for safety. After the war, many were found to have been damaged, but some- the silver, some carpets, some letters among them- survived. Those that had been left in the Arlington home were declared by Congress to be the property of the American people. Neither Robert E. Lee nor Mary Custis Lee survived many years after the end of the Civil War. He died in 1870. Arthritis plagued Mary Custis Lee in her later years, and she died in Lexington on Nov. 5, 1873- after making one trip to see her old Arlington home. In 1882, the U.S. Supreme Court in a ruling returned the home to the family;  Mary and Roberts son Custis sold it right  back to the government. Mary Custis Lee is buried with her husband on the Washington and Lee University campus in Lexington, Virginia. Sources â€Å"The Life of Mary Custis Lee.†Ã‚  EHISTORY.â€Å"Mary Anna Randolph Custis Lee.†Ã‚  National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.Pryor, Elizabeth Brown. â€Å"Mary Randolph Custis Lee (1807–1873).†Ã‚  Lee, Mary Randolph Custis (1807–1873), Encyclopediavirginia.org.

3 Key Career Tips for Millennials

3 Key Career Tips for Millennials Ah, â€Å"the millennials.† Faceless generation of socially networked people who never touched a rotary phone- or so the media likes to generalize. In reality, the only thing that millennials have in common is being born around the same time. As such, there’s no â€Å"one size fits all† career approach that will boost all millennials as they enter and push further into the workforce. However, there are some career tips to keep in mind as you get started in your professional life. 1. Social networking does NOT equal social capital.According to career guru Margaret Heffernan, who gave a 2015 TED Talk about how to get more out of workplace structure, one of the most important things an employee (or employer) can do is to build bonds in the workplace, and enable things like casual stand-up meetings or coffee breaks to facilitate conversation. This builds â€Å"social capital,† or mutual trust and reliance. This is different from social networking, where we mig ht know where a colleague had dinner last night, but not necessarily much insight about what makes them tic professionally. Social media (and the tech-savviness it suggests) is a great tool, but you can’t replace good old-fashioned conversation with retweets.2. It’s okay not to be â€Å"on† all the time.There’s a certain perception that if you’re young and ambitious, you’re willing to â€Å"do what it takes† around the clock to move up and ahead. That could mean long hours, or it could mean putting yourself â€Å"on call† to answer emails at 10:30 at night. And while showing devotion and round-the-clock competence looks good to anyone who might be observing from a distance, it’s not going to mean much if you burn out early. Don’t neglect work-life balance, even at the start of your career. You’re committing to a career for the long haul, so setting dangerously high precedents early on can turn on you later on if your priorities change or you decide that your old work habits just aren’t sustainable.3. Time management is key.This is the mantra for all ages, actually. But for millennials, who are seen as natural multitaskers thanks to technology, it’s especially relevant right now. Set aside time for big projects or necessary productivity. Ignore your inbox for an hour (if possible) in order to check off some hard to-dos from your list. Look at your week in advance, and figure out what you need to do and when you can do it, to avoid running into a crunch time.Super-multitasking (email + chat + work task + second work task in the background) can be exhausting, and may lead to shoddier â€Å"productivity.† Mistakes happen when you’re trying to do too many things at once, so be sure to take specific â€Å"breaks† throughout the day from various tasks in order to give your attention to other things that need to be done as well.Whether you’re just get ting started out of school or still figuring out what you want your long-term career path to be, keeping these ideas in mind can help you navigate those bumpy early days. (And by â€Å"early days,† I mean every day until your retirement party.)

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Art - Essay Example He was recognized for his outstanding work in art and had won numerous awards and honors. Among these honors he had won the Master Artist Award (2000) from Artists of America. Description The painting I have chosen from the William Hook’s collection of art is the â€Å"Autumn Road† which is a 24† by 18 inch painting depicting a long road with trees and bushes on either side during the Autumn season. The colors used on this canvas are browns, orange, yellow and dark green that clearly portrays the autumn season. Commenting on the use of acrylic paint, Hook states – â€Å"Make the shortcomings of acrylic the benefits.† (William Hook) He makes use of the minimalist technique in this art work while communicating the grandeur of the landscape. Hook holds the opinion that any finished painting is an amalgamation of different techniques but, ‘impasto is achieved through light strokes of paint with no additives.’ (William Hook) Meaning The meani ng depicted in ‘Autumn Road’ is one of calmness and spirituality. The artist portrays his serenity through his work. The landscape shown is silent and calm and conveys the message of peace of the artist.

King Abdulaziz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

King Abdulaziz - Essay Example This person was the founder of the present day Saudi Arabia, named as King Abdul Aziz Ibn Al Saud. King Abdul Aziz was born in the city of Riyadh, to the family of King Abdul Rehman. He was brought up under the strict and inflexible vision of his father. His father was so concerned about the teaching of Islam to his son a group of contemporary religious scholars came to teach him the fundamentals of Islam. With the passage of time, he started to show his great array of amazing talents and qualities, which included courage, horsemanship, leadership qualities and perceptiveness. He showed his interest in the situation and atmosphere around him, and also the historical events of great significance. When King Abdul Aziz was barely 12 years old, he traveled to the country of Kuwait along with his father in the year 1891. He spent a long duration of 10 years, and it was there where he acquired great abilities such as that of leadership and statesmanship. So, as a result of the qualities an d understanding that he had gathered from his elders and teachers, he resolved to restore the rule of his forefathers, no matter what problems come in the way. A start of new era could be witnessed as King Abdul Aziz left Kuwait and went to his hometown Riyadh, leading an army of 60 soldiers. In the future, this small force of army consequently turned out to be the one that overpowered the big force by the will of Allah. King Abdul Aziz Ibn Abd al-Rehman in true words wrote the history and fate of the Saudia Arabia. He used to the powers that no one could think of, as the powers that King Abdul Aziz Ibn Abd al-Rehman used were not worldly materials. These powers included the unifying and awakening of the religious faith among his fellow Muslims, deft, comprehensive politics, and the best of all a courageous and inspiring character for everyone to look at, at the time of sorrow and despair. King Abdul Aziz Ibn Abd al-Rehman brought back and restored the rule of his forefathers from a situation that was virtually considered to be completely destroyed and a situation of political extinction in the country. He did this be re-introducing the real image of Islam and inspiring the people by the teachings of the Great Religion. He started to build to Saudi state and he did that in three major stages. These stages include the recapturing of Najd in 1905, invading over the Shammar clan at Hail in the year 1921, and finally the conquering of Hijaz fours year later in 1924. During the era of birth of King Abdul Aziz Ibn Abd al-Rehman, the area of Central Arabia had been victimized to the issues of complete political disaster and disintegration, and the King Al Saud was forced to fight for his rule with the governers of the land of Havil, known as the al-Rashids. That fight and long lasting conflicts between the two ruling groups led King Al-Saud to evacuate and move his family from the city of Riyadh in the year 1891. The capture of the city of Najd by the Rashids was of quite pain and grief for King Abdul Aziz Ibn Abd al-Rehman along with his parents equally. Najd had great significance in the history of Saudi state as it had been the capital of the earlier as well as the second Saudi state. And thus its capture by the al-Rashids was really a matter of concern for King Abdul Aziz Ibn Abd al-Rehman and his father and this inspired him work for the restatement of his patrimony, and to recover the rule of