The Importance of Islamic Economic - 1933 Words

First of all we need to know what is Islamic economic before we carry on discussing the importance of Islamic economic. There are two main categories of definition of Islamic economic are ventured by Muslim economists. The first categories consist of definitions that concentrate on the principles of Shari’ah that make up the framework or the milieu of the behavior of economics agents. While the second categories focuses on the behavior of the agents themselves. Hasanuz Zaman defines Islamic economics as â€Å"the knowledge and application of injunctions and rules of the Shari’ah that prevent injustice in the acquisition and disposal of material resources in order to provide satisfaction to human being and enable them to perform their†¦show more content†¦The economic system of Islam, therefore, aims to achieve economic well-being and betterment of the people through equitable distribution of material resources and through establishment of social justice. Yet t he basic objective of Islamic system remains the same which has been clearly laid down by the al-Quran thus: â€Å"But seek with (the wealth) which God has bestowed on thee, the home of the Hereafter, nor neglect thy portion in this world, but do thou good as God has been good to thee and seek not mischief in the land, for God loves not those who do mischief.†(28: 77). The second most important objective of the economic system of Islam is to make distribution of economic resources, wealth and income fair and equitable. Islam discourages concentration of wealth in few hands and ensures its circulation among all the sections of society. Al-Quran, the revealed book of Islam, says: â€Å"That which Allah gives as spoil unto His messenger from the people of the townships, it is for Allah and His messenger and for the near of kin and the orphans and the needy and the wayfarer that it become not a commodity between the rich among you.† (59: 7). It means that, according to the Qur’an, the wealth should not be allowed to concentrate in few rich hands; rather it should freely circulate among all the people thus enabling the poor and destitute among the nation to also take benefit from it. Thus it is the primary objective of the Islamic economic system to bridge theShow MoreRelatedInternal Factors That Shape Corporate Governance Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernance structures for Islamic banks differ from those of the Western conventional banks as the Islamic banking institutions must comply with a different set of rules that are laid out in the Holy Quran and the Shari’ah. Strong Shari’ah corporate governance practices increase accountability, transparency, responsibilities, fairness, and honesty of Islamic banking institutions while augmenting the confidence that the stakeholders place in the activities of a specified Islamic bank (Suleiman). In orderRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Of Islamic Banks1563 Words   |  7 Pagessecondary, and tertiary sources. RESULTS The Islamic banking industry has come a long way in issues of corporate governance. However, Islamic banks need to be at the forefront of pioneering innovative, impactful, and far-reaching social responsibility and corporate governance practices since for starters, they are faith-based institutions. Islamic banks need to stop resting on their laurels and stop playing catch up in these domains. Moreover, Islamic banks need to deal conclusively with the arrayRead MoreEssay on Islam The Straight Path989 Words   |  4 Pagesprovides a succinct, up-to-date survey of the Islamic experience, an introduction to the faith, belief, and practice of Islam from its origins to its contemporary resurgence. He traces the emergence and development of this dynamic faith and its impact on world history and politics. He discusses the formation of Islamic belief and practice (law, theology, philosophy, and mysticism), chronicling the struggle of Muslims to define and adhere to their Islamic way of lif e. Equally important is the essentialRead MoreLeading Shiite Ideologies, Questions and Answers928 Words   |  4 PagesIranian People against the Shah’s regime. The Shi’ite Ideologies were based on Islamic shariah, The Iranian culture was based on Islamic culture with an increasing influence of western culture and the shah’s regime was friendly with the western culture policies and mostly against the Shi’ite Islamic fundamentalism. The second difference was, shi’ite (shiyah) ideology doesn’t support the monarchy or imperialism in Islamic countries, the Iranian culture in that time were divided in their ideology inRead MoreThe Key Differences Between Islamic Banking And The Conventional Banking875 Words   |  4 PagesThe key differences between the Islamic Banking and the conventional banking are given below through the table. SL Indicators Islamic Banking process Conversional banking 01 Business skeleton Functions and governing modes are stood on Shariah and Islamic banks must make sure that all business actions are conforming to shariah necessities. Functions and Governing modes are stood on secular values; do not follow the religious guidelines or law. 02 Interest charging Financing is strictly abdicatingRead MoreAl-Qaraqahakav Essay701 Words   |  3 PagesCommunication with the Islamic World. Even after he settled down as a teacher at Qaá ¹ ­ar University, he was still committed to his role as a preacher. His role as a preacher actually became known primarily through his TV programme al-Ã…  arÄ «ÃŠ »a wa-l-á ¸ ¤ayÄ t [The Ã…  arÄ «ÃŠ »a and life]. This programme was launched by al-ÄžazÄ «ra TV station in 1997 . It is a program that showcased al-Qaraá ¸ Ã„ wÄ « as a media preacher and a general authority on the Ã…  arÄ «ÃŠ »a as well as on specific issues in Islamic law. In this programmeRead MoreThe Economizing Problem - and Its Direct Effect on the Economy at Large. a Short Essay from Islamic Perspective by Mustafa Aydemir V0.41664 Words   |  7 PagesThese Short Essays are partial fulfillment of Paper IE1001 of Part 1 of Certified Islamic Finance Professional (CIFP) [DRAFT V0.4] INCEIF Student Name: Mustafa Aydemir Student ID: 1200279 IE1001 Assignment in Islamic Economics - Short Essay No 1 by Mustafa Aydemir - Version 0.4.doc -1-     Bismillahirrahmanirrahim The economizing problem - And its direct effect on the economy at large. A short essay from Islamic perspective by Mustafa Aydemir Human beings are greedy by nature and their needsRead MoreImportance Of Nursing Values In Nursing1013 Words   |  5 Pages Nursing Values and the Islamic Philosophy Many of the nursing actions are affected by understanding moral reasoning, code of professional practice, and legal principles. In general, nurses believe that nursing profession values guide their actions and decisions in their careers. For nurses, caring for patients during birth, healing, illness, and death are their responsibility. It would be impossible to provide exceptional care for their patients, if they are not aware of the patient’s values.Read MoreThe Power and Influence the Federal Reserve Has in Banking1513 Words   |  6 PagesWidmaier (2007) suggested that the Fed is a necessary evil. This argument established the importance of the Federal Reserve in making successful economic policy in the last fifty years. He claimed that societal changes in monetary policy make the Federal Reserve irreplaceable amongst our current economic foundational exports. Further claims about the weakness of the Treasury department also suggests that importance the Fed plays in keep ing the monetary policy intact. Topic 2: Commercial Banking Marketing Read MoreIslam the Straight Path1014 Words   |  5 Pagesprovides a succinct, up-to-date survey of the Islamic experience, an introduction to the faith, belief, and practice of Islam from its origins to its contemporary resurgence. He traces the emergence and development of this dynamic faith and its impact on world history and politics. He discusses the formation of Islamic belief and practice (law, theology, philosophy, and mysticism), chronicling the struggle of Muslims to define and adhere to their Islamic way of life. Equally important is the essential

Chinese Pronouns

There are just a few pronouns in Mandarin Chinese, and unlike many European languages, there are no subject / verb agreements to worry about. Just a few simple rules tell you everything you need to know about pronouns in Chinese. Basic Pronouns These are the pronouns of written Mandarin Chinese. I, me: wÇ’: 我You: nÇ  - ä ½  You (formal): nà ­n:  Ã¦â€š ¨Ã‚  He, Him: tÄ : ä »â€"She, Her: tÄ : Ã¥ ¥ ¹It: tÄ : Ã¥ ®Æ' Youll notice that there are two ways of saying you. When speaking to elders or someone in authority, it is more polite to address them formally with æ‚ ¨ (nà ­n) instead of the less formal ä ½   (nÇ ). While there are six pronouns listed above in written Mandarin, in spoken Mandarin it boils down to just three basic pronouns: I / me, you, he / she / it. This is because ä »â€" / Ã¥ ¥ ¹ / Ã¥ ®Æ' are all pronounced the same, tÄ .   Plurals Plurals are formed by adding 們 (traditional form) / ä » ¬ (simplified form) at the end of a basic pronoun. This character is pronounced men. See below: We, Us: wÇ’ men: 我們 /  Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ » ¬You (plural): nÇ  men: ä ½  Ã¥â‚¬â€˜ / ä ½  Ã¤ » ¬They, Them:  tÄ  men: ä »â€"們 /  Ã¤ »â€"ä » ¬ Differentiating Gender As discussed earlier, gender differentiating pronouns like he, she, and it all have the same sound, tÄ , but different written characters. In spoken Mandarin, differentiating between genders is a little less obvious. However, the context of the sentence will usually tell you whether the speaker is referring to a man, a woman, or a thing. Reflexive Pronoun Mandarin Chinese also has a reflexive pronoun è‡ ªÃ¥ · ± (zà ¬ jÇ ). This is used when both subject and object are the same. For example: TÄ  xÇ  huà  n tÄ  zà ¬ jÇ Ã¤ »â€"Ã¥â€"Å"æ ¬ ¢Ã¤ »â€"è‡ ªÃ¥ · ± /  Ã¤ »â€"Ã¥â€"Å"æ ­ ¡Ã¤ »â€"è‡ ªÃ¥ · ±He likes himself. è‡ ªÃ¥ · ± (zà ¬ jÇ ) can also be used directly after a noun or pronoun to intensify the subject. For example: WÇ’ zà ¬ jÇ  xÇ  huà  n.我è‡ ªÃ¥ · ±Ã¥â€"Å"æ ¬ ¢ / 我è‡ ªÃ¥ · ±Ã¥â€"Å"æ ­ ¡I, myself, like it. Sentence Examples Using Chinese Pronouns Here are some sentences using pronouns. See if you can use these examples as a guide or template to creating your own sentences. Audio files are marked with ââ€" º WÇ’: 我 I am a student.ââ€" ºWÇ’ shà ¬ xuà ©shÄ“ng.​我æ˜ ¯Ã¥ ­ ¸Ã§â€Å¸ (traditional)我å ­ ¦Ã§â€Å¸ ​(simplified)I like ice cream.ââ€" ºWÇ’ xÇ huÄ n bÄ «ngqà ­là ­n.我åâ€"Å"æ ­ ¡Ã¥â€  °Ã¦ ·â€¡Ã¦ ·â€¹Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥â€"Å"æ ¬ ¢Ã¥â€  °Ã¦ ·â€¡Ã¦ ·â€¹I don’t have a bicycle.ââ€" ºWÇ’ mà ©i yÇ’u jiÇŽotà  chÄ“.我æ ²â€™Ã¦Å"‰è… ³Ã¨ ¸ Ã¨ »Å Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¦ ² ¡Ã¦Å"‰è„šè ¸ Ã¨ ½ ¦ NÇ : ä ½   Are you a student?ââ€" ºNÇ  shà ¬ xuà ©shÄ“ng ma?ä ½  Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¥ ­ ¸Ã§â€Å¸Ã¥â€"Ž?ä ½  Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã§â€Å¸Ã¥ â€"?Do you like ice cream?ââ€" ºNÇ  xÇ huan bÄ «ngqà ­là ­n ma?ä ½  Ã¥â€"Å"æ ­ ¡Ã¥â€  °Ã¦ ·â€¡Ã¦ ·â€¹Ã¥â€"Ž?ä ½  Ã¥â€"Å"æ ¬ ¢Ã¥â€  °Ã¦ ·â€¡Ã¦ ·â€¹Ã¥ â€"?Do you have a bicycle?ââ€" ºNÇ  yÇ’u jiÇŽotà  chÄ“ ma?ä ½  Ã¦Å"‰è… ³Ã¨ ¸ Ã¨ »Å Ã¥â€"Ž?ä ½  Ã¦Å"‰è„šè ¸ Ã¨ ½ ¦Ã¥ â€"? TÄ : Ã¥ ¥ ¹ She is a doctor.ââ€" ºTÄ  shà ¬ yÄ «shÄ“ng.Ã¥ ¥ ¹Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã©â€  «Ã§â€Å¸Ã¥ ¥ ¹Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¥Å' »Ã§â€Å¸She likes coffee.ââ€" ºTÄ  xÇ huan kÄ fÄ“i.Ã¥ ¥ ¹Ã¥â€"Å"æ ­ ¡Ã¥â€™â€"å• ¡Ã¥ ¥ ¹Ã¥â€"Å"æ ¬ ¢Ã¥â€™â€"å• ¡She doesn’t have a car.ââ€" ºTÄ  mà ©i yÇ’u chÄ“.Ã¥ ¥ ¹Ã¦ ²â€™Ã¦Å"‰è »Å Ã¥ ¥ ¹Ã¦ ² ¡Ã¦Å"‰è ½ ¦ WÇ’ men: 我們 /  Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ » ¬ We are students.ââ€" ºWÇ’men shà ¬ xuà ©shÄ“ng.我們æ˜ ¯Ã¥ ­ ¸Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ » ¬Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã§â€Å¸We like ice cream.ââ€" ºWÇ’men xÇ huan bÄ «ngqà ­là ­n.我們åâ€"Å"æ ­ ¡Ã¥â€  °Ã¦ ·â€¡Ã¦ ·â€¹Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ » ¬Ã¥â€"Å"æ ¬ ¢Ã¥â€  °Ã¦ ·â€¡Ã¦ ·â€¹We don’t have a bicycle.ââ€" ºWÇ’men mà ©i yÇ’u jiÇŽotà  chÄ“.我們æ ²â€™Ã¦Å"‰è… ³Ã¨ ¸ Ã¨ »Å Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ » ¬Ã¦ ² ¡Ã¦Å"‰è„šè ¸ Ã¨ ½ ¦ TÄ  men: ä »â€"們 /  Ã¤ »â€"ä » ¬ They are students.ââ€" ºTÄ men shà ¬ xuà ©shÄ“ng.ä »â€"們æ˜ ¯Ã¥ ­ ¸Ã§â€Å¸Ã¤ »â€"ä » ¬Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã§â€Å¸They like coffee.ââ€" ºTÄ men xÇ huan kÄ fÄ“i.ä »â€"們åâ€"Å"æ ­ ¡Ã¥â€™â€"å• ¡Ã¤ »â€"ä » ¬Ã¥â€"Å"æ ¬ ¢Ã¥â€™â€"å• ¡They don’t have a car.ââ€" ºTÄ men mà ©i yÇ’u chÄ“.ä »â€"們æ ²â€™Ã¦Å"‰è »Å Ã¤ »â€"ä » ¬Ã¦ ² ¡Ã¦Å"‰è ½ ¦ Zà ¬ jÇ : è‡ ªÃ¥ · ± He lives by himself.ââ€" ºTÄ  zà ¬jÇ  zhà ¹.ä »â€"è‡ ªÃ¥ · ±Ã¤ ½ I will go myself.ââ€" ºWÇ’ zà ¬jÇ  qà ¹.我è‡ ªÃ¥ · ±Ã¥Å½ »

How Google Sold Its Engineers on Management - 894 Words

Garvin’s article How Google Sold Its Engineers on Management describes Google’s unique approach to management. Google prides itself with having the best, most highly satisfied employees in the industry. A majority of its employees are engineers that prefer spending time creating and building, which makes it difficult for management to exist. Many of Google’s employees are also highly independent and do not like being micromanaged. Garvin (2013) described a 2002 experiment where Google made their organization flat, eliminating engineering managers, the company realized that managers do more than just manage projects. Managers contributed to the company, â€Å"by communicating strategy, helping employees prioritize projects, facilitating†¦show more content†¦Even though I believe Google’s management system to be effective and the article’s explanation of the system to be credible and valid, I do not believe it will fit the culture of my comp any. Working in the restaurant industry, our employees are not as technically minded as the employees of Google. From experience, direct management and more guidance are needed in a customer-service directed atmosphere. While my boss may find the surveys and employee improvement strategies to be helpful, Google’s exact system is not comparable to the restaurant industry. One HR issue this article can be applied to is ineffective performance reviews and training for management. Many companies base their performance reviews around what a manager is doing wrong, but creating a more evidence-based survey focused around specific strengths a manger should excel in helps the corporation to be future-based. Like Google, the company can identify eight characteristics of good mangers and create the survey based around those eight pillars. If a manger is deficient in a certain category they can take classes to strengthen that specific characteristics rather than have to sit through a general training highlighting things they are already good at. Anther HR issue the article may be helpful for is defining why a manager is important. Some industries are struggling withShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Organizations And Management, Research And Analysis986 Words   |  4 PagesMGT100 - Organisations And Management Research and Analysis Name: Abdul Rehman 11512340 ï ¿ ¼Task-2A: ARTICLE ANALYSIS (10%) Within the Garvin, D.A’s article entitled â€Å"How Google sold its engineers on management† the main argument is whether the Google company really requires having managerial positions within its management hierarchy. From time to time, various parties within the company have wondered whether managers matter as part of the company management. One assumption which the readers of theRead MoreThesis Computerized Grading System1649 Words   |  7 PagesDatabase Design 2.4 Table Description of the Database Chapter 3. System Requirements Specifications Hardware Requirements 3.2 Software Requirements 3.3 Human Resource Requirements Chapter 4. Conclusion and Recommendation Appendices: A. Project Management Plan Phase1. Identification Phase2. Specification Phase3. High Level Design and Project Plan B. Screen Layouts and Design C. Feasibility and Analysis a. Can we build it? b. Should we build it? c. If we build it, will it be used? D. Risk AnalysisRead MoreWhat Companies Can I Work For?3091 Words   |  13 PagesCompanies Can I work for? The choices that are available to me are quite numerous. However, I need to realistically consider what companies I would work for. I need to consider logistical and background aspects of the various companies. Factors such as how long a company has been in business, who their primary customer is, what kind of work they do and many more are essential to know in order for me to decide whether I will work there or not. It is important that I do not simply think in terms of couldRead MoreProject Oxygen : Do Managers Matter?2302 Words   |  10 PagesGOOGLE?S PROJECT OXYGEN: DO MANAGERS MATTER? 10 Google?s Project Oxygen: Do Managers Matter? In 2008?Google?s prized engineering team expressed their hatred for managers, both in theory and in practice. ?Most folks in engineering think about management as a necessary evil,? Laszlo Bock, Google?s SVP of People Operations told Forbes in an interview by phone. Determined to appease disgruntled engineers, Bock tasked a subset of People Ops (a three-man team called the People Innovation Lab: PiLab)Read MoreInnovation1610 Words   |  7 Pagesorganizational growth or wealth. An effective innovation architecture process is the foundation needed to build innovation-led growth. This type of leadership establishes the framework for delivering effective innovation management by product planning, innovation portfolio management, new product development and the lifecycle of ideas to market closure. Savvy leaders shape the culture of their company to drive innovation. No one ever feels like they have time to spare. â€Å"People get so consumed with puttingRead MoreWhat Special Distribut ion Is The Best Ways For A Non Japanese Company For Deal With The Challenges?1196 Words   |  5 Pagesdeeply rooted in the Japanese culture and socio-economic setting that underlies Japanese business customs. This may be something simple but because of the strong value in cultural respect sometime is hard to get what you want from them. Chapter 13 Q5. How does the standard vs local debate apply to advertising? Local markets are not considered as key customers, which is why their needs are not taken into account and are typically dismissed. The reality is that we live in a digitally interconnected worldRead MoreThe Kindle And Its Effect On Our Life1019 Words   |  5 Pagesportability and ability to choose any book I want in an instance. The Kindle is an amazing product, opening up a world of reading to those who may not otherwise had access, or the interest to read. The following brief summary will give you an overview of how the Kindle came to be an important addition to a book lover’s collection. In August 2004, the CEO of Amazon, Jeff Bezos and his senior vice president of worldwide digital media, Steve Kessel had the idea of creating a bookstore with its own hardwareRead MoreThe Financial Position Of Apple Inc.1363 Words   |  6 PagesApple’s net sales increased over a 3-year period, which means the company increased its sales during that period. However, the costs of goods sold did not increase more than the sales. In other words, in 2015 when revenue was 136.75% of the base year amounts, cost of goods sold was less - only 131.41% of the base year amount. This is an indication of management having a good cost control because even though the company increased its sales, it was able cut the costs. Perhaps the company raised its sellingRead MoreSamsung : Financial Losses, And The Company s Reputation997 Words   |  4 Pagessleep. One plugs his smartphone into the bedside charger and places it on the nightstand before going to sleep, and one wakes to find his nights tand and carpet in flames, smoke flowing everywhere. Or maybe his Volvo, his hotel room, his entire house. How could this have happened? Simple: his â€Å"precious little equipment† that he uses every day is a Samsung Galaxy Note 7, just like the Reddit user Crushader`s (Wehner, 2016, para.2) and other hundreds that had spontaneously burst into flames since AugustRead MoreExamples of Company Case Studies1356 Words   |  5 Pages8M. The percentage of sales also increased from a figure of 94.43% to 94.84%. This was the increase seen pertaining to the cost of products that were sold. This proved to be a factor that caused the bottom line for Flextronics to decrease irrespective of the increase in the revenues. To improve the current conditions of the company, the management decided to restructure or downsize the company. In many countries of the world, we see that Flextronics has downsized its operations so that it can uplift

The Gender Blur Response free essay sample

Barbie dolls are meant to be delicate and more girlish, where as a softball glove is more rugged or active and more boyish. This gave her both different opportunities to be more girly or boyish. On the other hand, when she had two boys, the older one had become quite fond of dinosaurs. Not the herbivores, but the blood thirsty carnivores. She soon found her son to be gnawing on her leg, and realized the aggressive boy like characteristics. Blum analyzes the difference between the characteristics of a boy and a girl. A boy is known more to have the aggressive behavior, such as a girl would be less aggressive and more delicate. Her son shows proof of the typical boy with his love for vicious dinosaurs. Males are proven to be more aggressive with several facts stated in the article. One would be the higher percentage of men who commit crimes over woman. We will write a custom essay sample on The Gender Blur Response or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Not only do men commit more crimes, but males tend to use weaponry more often than females. Furthermore, she goes on to talk about a different species, the chimpanzees. It is written,† Male chimpanzees, for instance, declare war on neighboring troops, and one of their strategies is a warning strike: kill females and infants to terrorize and intimidate† (Blum 681). Blum summarizes in the end that there are still ongoing studies to research the difference of aggression in males to females. Adolescent females are being engaged with more competitive activities to test for different hormones. It is still unsure but with the current statistics, males are more aggressive than females.

A History Of Christianity In Egypt Essays - Ethnic Groups In Egypt

A History of Christianity in Egypt A History of Christianity in Egypt The history of Christianity in Egypt dates back verily to the beginnings of Christianity itself. Many Christians hold that Christianity was brought to Egypt by the Apostle Saint Mark in the early part of the first century AD. Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, in his Ecclesiastic History states that Saint Mark first came to Egypt between the first and third year of the reign of Emperor Claudius, which would make it sometime between AD 41 and 44, and that he returned to Alexandria some twenty years later to preach and evangelize. Saint Mark's first convert in Alexandria was Anianus, a shoemaker who later was consecrated a bishop and became Patriarch of Alexandria after Saint Mark's martyrdom. This succession of Patriarchs has remained unbroken down to the present day, making the Egyptian Christian, or Coptic, Church one of the oldest Christian churches in existence. Evidence for this age comes in the form of the oldest Biblical papyri discovered in remote regions of Upper Egypt. These papyri are written in the Coptic script and are older than even the oldest Greek copies of the Bible ordered by Constantine in AD 312. The Egyptians before Christianity had always been a deeply religious people, and many readily embraced the young religion, having had their old beliefs effectively destroyed by the coming of the Roman Empire and the final dethroning of the god-king Pharaohs. Many of the concepts of Christianity were already familiar to the Egyptians from their ancient religion, such as the death and resurrection of a god, the idea of the judgement of souls and a paradisiacal afterlife for the faithful. The ankh too, the Egyptian symbol for eternal life, is very similar to that of the cross revered by Christians (especially in the form of the Coptic cross, seen at right), itself also a symbol for eternal life. Furthermore, the belief that God had chosen Egypt as a safe place for His infant son to hide him from Herod was a great source of pride to the Egyptian Christians. It was through Christianity that the Egyptian culture survived the Roman Dominion. The Church Suffering and Victorious Yet these formative years were not without problems. Throughout this time Christianity in Egypt was locked in an often deadly struggle against the polytheistic religions of the Greco-Roman culture as well as the Hellenistic movement that began in Alexandria spread to other large cities. To counter Hellenistic philosophy that often criticized the young religion the Christian leaders in Egypt established a catechetical school in Alexandria, the Didascalia, founded in the late second century AD. This school became the heart of what can only be called Christian philosophy, and great teachers and orators such as Clement and Origen were able to battle the Hellenistic philosophers on their own ground and advocate Christianity in an orderly and intellectual manner. It was also in this great university of Christian learning that Christianity first underwent rigorous studies that created its first theology and dogma, as well as making the new faith accessible to all. Pantaenus, the founder and first dean of the Didascalia, helped the Egyptian people bridge the gap between Dynastic Egypt and the new era by promoting the use of the Greek alphabet instead of the Demotic ("cursive" hieroglyphics) in translations of the Bible as well as in the writing of religious theses and letters. Additionally, the school educated everyone who came to it in Greek, opening the study of religion to just about everyone, and making as many people as possible literate. Yet the greatest persecutions on the young religion came at the hands of the Roman government. Emperor Nero had set the precedent in AD 64, about the same time as the martyrdom of Saint Peter. It was unusual, for the actual offense was simply to be a Christian or to profess the Christian faith, rather than any kind of criminal acts that might go along with it (such as those later falsely attributed to Medieval heretics). An arrested Christian could receive a pardon simply by offering incense on a Roman altar, but many refused to do so, citing scripture passages urging faith in the one God. Thus the true "crime" of the persecuted Christians was their refusal to do homage to the Roman gods, including the emperor. Those who did refuse to bow to the Roman religion were imprisoned, often tortured, thrown to the wild animals in the coliseum, or suffered execution by any number of other means. Rather than discouraging the Christians, these actions encouraged them and reinforced their faith, echoing

Seleucus as a Successor of Alexander

Seleucus as a Successor of Alexander Seleucus was one of the Diadochi or successors of Alexander. His name was given to the empire he and his successors ruled. These, the Seleucids, may be familiar because they came into contact with the Hellenistic Jews involved in the revolt of the Maccabees (at the heart of the holiday of Hanukkah). Seleucuss Early Life and Family Seleucus himself was one of the Macedonians who fought with Alexander the Great as he conquered Persia and the western part of the Indian subcontinent, from 334 on. His father, Antiochus, had fought with Alexanders father, Philip, and so it is thought Alexander and Seleucus were around the same age, with Seleucus birthdate about 358. His mother was Laodice. Starting his military career while still a young man, Seleucus had become a senior officer by 326, in command of the royal Hypaspistai and on Alexanders staff. He crossed the Hydaspes River, in the Indian subcontinent, along with Alexander, Perdiccas, Lysimachus, and Ptolemy, some of his fellow notables in the empire carved by Alexander. Then, in 324, Seleucus was among those Alexander required to marry Iranian princesses. Seleucus married Apama, daughter of Spitamenes. Appian says Seleucus founded three cities that he named in her honor. She would become the mother of his successor, Antiochus I Soter. This makes the Seleucids par t Macedonian and part Iranian, and so, Persian. Seleucus Flees to Babylonia Perdiccas appointed Seleucus commander of the shield bearers in about 323, but Seleucus was one of those who murdered Perdiccas. Later, Seleucus resigned command, surrendering it to Cassander, son of Antipater so that he could govern as satrap the province of Babylonia when the territorial division was made at Triparadisus in about 320. In c. 315, Seleucus fled from Babylonia and Antigonus Monophthalmus to Egypt and Ptolemy Soter. One day Seleucus insulted an officer without consulting Antigonus, who was present, and Antigonus out of spite asked for accounts of his money and his possessions; Seleucus, being no match for Antigonus, withdrew to Ptolemy in Egypt. Immediately after his flight, Antigonus deposed Blitor, the governor of Mesopotamia, for letting Seleucus escape, and took over personal control of Babylonia, Mesopotamia and all the peoples from the Medes to the Hellespont....- Arrian Seleucus Takes Back Babylonia In 312, at the Battle of Gaza, in the third Diadoch War, Ptolemy and Seleucus defeated Demetrius Polorcetes, son of Antigonus. The next year Seleucus took Babylonia back. When the Babylonian War broke out, Seleucus defeated Nicanor. In 310 he defeated Demetrius. Then Antigonus invaded Babylonia. In 309 Seleucus defeated Antigonus. This marks the start of the Seleucid empire. Then in the Battle of Ipsus, during the fourth Diadoch war, Antigonus was defeated, Seleucus conquered Syria. After Antigonus had fallen in battle [1], the kings who had joined with Seleucus in destroying Antigonus, shared out his territory. Seleucus obtained then Syria from the Euphrates to the sea and inland Phrygia [2]. Always lying in wait for the neighboring peoples, with the power to coerce and the persuasion of diplomacy, he became ruler of Mesopotamia, Armenia, Seleucid Cappadocia (as it is called) [3], the Persians, Parthians, Bactrians, Arians and Tapurians, Sogdia, Arachosia, Hyrcania, and all other neighboring peoples whom Alexander had conquered in war as far as the Indus. The boundaries of his rule in Asia extended further than those of any ruler apart from Alexander; the whole land from Phrygia eastwards to the river Indus was subject to Seleucus. He crossed the Indus and made war on Sandracottus [4], king of the Indians about that river, and eventually arranged friendship and a marriage alliance with him. Some of these achievements belong to the period before the end of Antig onus, others to after his death. [...]- Appian Ptolemy Assassinates Seleucus In September 281, Ptolemy Keraunos assassinated Seleucus, who was buried in a city he had founded and named for himself. Seleucus had 72 satraps under him [7], so vast was the territory he ruled. Most of it he handed over to his son [8], and ruled himself only the land from the sea to the Euphrates. His last war he fought against Lysimachus for the control of Hellespontine Phrygia; he defeated Lysimachus who fell in the battle, and crossed himself the Hellespont [9]. As he was marching up to Lysimachea [10] he was murdered by Ptolemy nicknamed Keraunos who was accompanying him [11].This Keraunos was the son of Ptolemy Soter and Eurydice the daughter of Antipater; he had fled from Egypt through fear, as Ptolemy had in mind to hand over his realm to his youngest son. Seleucus welcomed him as the unfortunate son of his friend, and supported and took everywhere his own future assassin. And so Seleucus met his fate at the age of 73, having been king for 42 years.- Ibid Sources Diodorus xviii Justin xiiiPlutarchNeposJona LenderingCurtius x.5.7 fGreek Coins and Their Parent Cities, by John Ward, Sir George Francis HillMasters of Command by Barry StraussGhost on the Throne, by James RommAlexander the Great and His Empire, by Pierre Briant

Globalization of China vs. United States Research Paper

Globalization of China vs. United States - Research Paper Example US Steel Corporation, established in the year 1901, is one of the biggest integrated domestically owned steel companies of US. The company’s customer base is diversified in global markets including Central Europe and Canada. It was declared as the 13th largest steel producing company in the world in the year 2010. The globalization of industries in US is expected to increase the profitability of the company in future due to growing demands in the emerging economies such as China. Baosteel, established in the year 1978, was declared as the 2nd largest steel producing company in the world in 2011 and has demonstrated excellent performance in recent years irrespective of slowdown in demand in the global market. From the financial statement analysis of the US Steel Corp. it can be said that US Steel’s production capacity exceeds its total sales leading to unsold inventory. Steel sector is already a cyclical sector in the sense that the demand for the steel products vary in every quarter. Globalization in China in expected to help the company in diversifying its products into other economies. In addition, the company’s mass production will help it to reach economies of scale in future that will further help to export steel at cheaper rates making US domestic steel industry more competitive. The study aims to analyze the financial statements of the two companies and provide a comparative analysis by highlighting key areas of concern, impact of globalization in US and China and recommend steps that should be taken to ensure profitability in competitive environment. Introduction The steel industry is one of the most important industries of the economy and is also considered as an important indicator of economy. It plays a major in the development of overall economy and infrastructure. The application of steel is used in many industries such as construction, automobiles, machinery, transportation, and many others. The global steel output was over 15 47 million tons for the year ending 2012. The most important characteristics of the steel industry are that it is cyclical and highly fragmented. The steel industry has experienced superior growth during the last two decades but after the global financial crisis, the industry suffered sluggishness in demand. In order to manage operating risk, many companies have diversified their operations in emerging economies where the demand of steel was not affected by global recession. Company Analysis Baosteel Group Corporation Baosteel Group Corporation (also known as Baosteel) is one of the iron and steel largest company of China. It was established in the year 1978 and its head quarter is in Shanghai, China. It is the world’s 2nd largest steel producer following ArcelorMittal in terms of aggregate output. In the year 2012, the company was awarded 197th rank in Fortunes Global 500 for ninth consecutive year. It was also rated by Fitch, S&P, and Moody’s as A3, A, and A- respect ively in the same year. Baosteel was also identified one of the most admired company in the world. The company primarily operates in the iron and steel industry and produces high quality steel that adds value to other industries. The main products of the company are stainless steel, special steel and carbon steel. The company reported approximately 44.2 million tons that helped it to earn over RMB 18.10 billion. Hence, it was ranked as the